The Korea Energy Master Plan was first developed in 2008 to achieve sustainable economic development and energy security while considering environmental impact. The plan is to be updated every five years to consider environmental changes and changes in energy market supply and demand. In response to climate change, the 2008 master plan identified the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as the primary global issue for energy policy. The plan calls for maximum use of nuclear power and renewable energy and dramatic curb of energy demand. Its energy policies primarily focus on ways Korea can provide an affordable and stable supply of power while supporting economic growth and industrialization (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy [MOTIE], 2014). The policy has brought significant growth to the renewable and nuclear power generation industries. However, cheap electricity has increased electricity consumption and destabilized the supply-demand power balance. The construction of more power plants to meet growing electricity demands has also had negative impacts such as increased greenhouse gas emissions, an overloaded electricity transmission network, and opposition from local residents near power lines and power plants. In accordance, the second energy policy in 2014 focuses on (MOTIE, 2014): 1. Transitioning to demand management 2. Building a distributed generation system 3. Balancing between environmental and safety concerns 4. Enhancing energy security and energy supply stability 5. Establishing a stable supply system for each energy source 6. Shaping energy policy to reflect public opinion Regarding market trends and consumer/industry demands, the Korean economy is relatively high in energy use per GDP unit. Korea’s many energy-intensive industries and cheap electricity have caused the industrial sector to sharply increase its demand for cooling and heating. The Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in Japan heightened public fears about nuclear power generation. From 2010 to 2035, as developing countries grow in economics and population, global energy demand is expected to increase by 48.3% and greenhouse gas emissions by 40.2%. As the cost of oil rises and unconventional energy sources such as shale gas and tight oil are developed, negotiations on a new post-2020 global climate framework will change the energy market landscape. Regarding energy demand management, the plan focuses on revising electricity rates to ease overconsumption and to reflect environmental and social costs such as refurbishment of nuclear facilities and the transmission network, different pricing for different types of voltage use, progressive rate relief, and expansion of critical-peak pricing. It applies information and communications technology (ICT) demand management by deploying smart grid incentives for energy storage system installation, revising standards for building design, and invigorating the demand management market. To balance electricity consumption ratios, the plan advocates increasing renewable gas, coal, and oil consumption. To establish a stable supply system for each energy source, the plan suggests diversifying oil import routes to respond aggressively to global market changes such as the emergence of shale gas. It recommends supplying more than 15% of power from distributed sources such as integrated energy systems, renewable energy, and in-house generators, and constructing power plants in areas that have sufficient electricity transmission capacity. It also suggests accelerating the use of eco-friendly and renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, fuel cells, and energy storage systems to reduce CO2 emissions. In environmental protection and improved safety for power plant operation, the plan advises using greenhouse gas reduction technologies such as ultra-supercritical and carbon capture and storage for thermal power plants as soon as they are available. It prioritizes nuclear plant safety by expanding investment, improving management of aged plants, and fostering planned and preventive inspections. It also recommends responding proactively to energy-related conflicts by improving transparency in electricity transmission network and spent nuclear fuel management policies. The plan gives several insights into the future of energy marketing. First, as electric charges increase, customers will have more interest in energy issues such as electricity consumption and CO2 emissions when they purchase product. They will want manufacturers to divulge the energy efficiency of products. As technology develops, products will add additional functions that will increase future product costs. Eventually products that consume less energy will be more competitive as customers consider total ownership costs. The new market trends will create and expand the need for energy management systems utilizing ICT, renewable energy, and safety in nuclear power plants.

This study examines the effects of different environments on the application of hemiplegia patients circuit balance training. Group 1 performed circuit balance training without any auditory intervention Group 2 performed training in noiseless environments and Group 3 performed training in white noise environments. First, among lower extremity muscular strength evaluation items, maximum activity time(MAT) was not significantly different(p>.05). Maximum muscle strength(MMS) increased significantly in Group 3(p<.01), there was no significant difference in MMS among the groups. Average muscle strength(AMS) indexes also significantly increased in Group 3(p<.01), there was no significant difference in AMS among the groups. Second, among balancing ability evaluation items, Berg's balance scale(BBS) scores significantly increased in all groups(p<.05), BBS scores were significantly difference among the groups. Based on the results, Group 1, 2 and Group 1, 3 showed significant increases (p<.05). Functional reach test(FRT) values significantly increased in Group 2, 3(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in FRT values among the groups. Timed up and go(TUG) test values significantly decreased in Group 2, 3(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in TUG test values among the groups. Third, among walking speed evaluation items, the time required to walk 10m significantly decreased in all groups(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in the values among the groups. Average walking speeds showed significant increases in Group 1, 3(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in the values among the groups. Based on the results of this study, noise environments should be improved by either considering auditory interventions and noiseless environments, or by ensuring that white noise environments facilitate the enhancement of balancing ability.

Background : Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (Rupr. et Maxim) Seem, belonging to the Araliaceae family, is widely distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. The plants belonging to Acanthopanax species are traditionally used in Korea as anti-rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic drugs and are recognized to have ginseng-like activities. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for independent analysis of major compounds and chlorogenic acid in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Chlorogenic acid was reported that prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease in vivo. Also, it has antioxidant effect in vitro test. In the previous experiment, chlorogenic acid were found in A. sessiliflorus fruits. This study was performed to identification of the major compounds and investigate the method validation for the determination of chlorogenic acid in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Methods and Results : Three major compounds were recorded on a Varian Unity Inova AS-400 FT-NMR spectrometer and analyzed by the new HPLC analysis method. HPLC analysis was carried out using an Waters e2695 and PDA detector. The new analyasis method was validated by the measurement of intra-day, inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3), and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) of chlorogenic acid. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (R2) for the calibration curves of chlorogenic acid was 0.997 in terms of linearity. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.565 ㎍/ml and 2.88 ㎍/ml, respectively. There was no interfering peak observed each other and HPLC system was suitable for analysis showing goodness of peak and high precision. Conclusion : This method is suitable to detect and quantify major compounds in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Furthermore, the result will be applied to establish chlorogenic acid as an standard compound for A. sessiliflorus fruits.