Passengers on public buses operating in the metropolitan area are exposed to the closed indoor air for minutes to hours. The indoor air quality of buses is mostly controlled through ceiling-mounted ventilation and filtration devices. A simulation study using a commercial code was conducted for fluid flow analysis to evaluate the potential effectiveness of an air purifier that can be inserted into bus windows to supply clean air from the outside to the inside. As a result of field measurements, the average CO2 concentration inside the bus during morning and evening rush hours ranged from 2,106±309 ppm to 3,308 ± 255 ppm depending on the number of passengers on board. This exceeded the Guideline for Public Transportation. The optimal installation position of an air purifier appeared to be the front side of the bus. In fact, even a low diffusing flow velocity of 0.5m/s was effective enough to maintain a low concentration of CO2 throughout the indoor space. Based on numerical analysis predictions with 45 passengers on board, the maximum CO2 concentration in the breathing zone was 2,203 ppm with the operation of an air purifier.

A field study was conducted to reduce airborne bacteria by supplying active ions to indoor spaces used by vulnerable human groups spending substantial amounts of time in places such as schools and hospitals. In an experiment conducted during school hours (8:00-15:00), the average number of airborne bacteria in classrooms was 345.53 CFU/m3 or more without active ions. However, ion supply reduced the airborne bacteria to an average of 113.23 CFU/m3, indicating an efficiency of 61.61%. As a result of tests in 33 rooms used for surgery in small and middle sized hospitals, ion supply for 2 to 4 hours reduced the average airborne bacteria concentration from 243.88 CFU/m3 to 104.34 CFU/m3, representing a 41.53% reduction. A laboratory test to confirm the ion activity has shown that the mortality rate of E. coli used as a test bacterium increased with exposure time to ions. The initial colony number of E. coli was 251 CFU, but decreased to 4 CFU after 60 minutes of exposure to active ions. Therefore, it was confirmed that the supply of active ions can contribute to the control of airborne bacteria in the indoor environment of schools, hospitals and other public facilities.

CALMET (California Meteorological Model), which is a meteorological subroutine for an air quality dispersion mode (CALPUFF; California Puff Model), closely related with the land surface structure. In this study, the sensitivity of micro-meteorological parameters including wind speed and roughness height, Albedo, Bowen ratio, soil heat flux, and leaf area index were closely evaluated with change of land-use in relation to urban development. As a result, although no consistent dependence of roughness height on surface wind was found, it showed that high value of surface roughness could lead to the increase of friction velocity, influence the Monin-Obukhov length and the mixing height. At the same time, the increasing Albedo reduced friction velocity and mixing height. Thus, it was concluded for the CALMET modelling that it is necessary to first define the roughness height, Albedo, and Bowen ratio according to land-use.

Ammunition Demilitarization facility (ADF) should be set up the feasible goals and continue to operate, taking into account non-profit characteristics. However, due to the lack of performance measurement methods in ADF, which are essential to national policy at a significant cost each year, the reliability of the evaluation results can be insufficient. In this paper, the Balanced Score Card (BSC) method was applied that could be evaluated to reflect the financial and non-financial features. The relevant literature research and army regulations reflected the results of various interviews of the expert group. The extraction of success performance area in ADF was confirmed using the BSC method and the Decision Variable (DV) candidate was created to use regression for selecting the DV. Additionally, the key performance indicator was presented by verification the feasibility of content by conducting the survey of experts. The implications of this paper are as follows. First, the proposed BSC model was found to be suitable for practical use in ADF reflecting the non-profit characteristics. Second, accurate evaluation of ADF can contribute to long-term development of ADF. Finally, it can be applied to the management process of the other military sector, so it can be expected to play a role in providing basic data and spreading it to other areas.

In this study, we listed the VOCs focusing on ozone precursors emitted from printing shops in urban areas. The emission characteristics of the VOCs from workplaces were evaluated in terms of the used inks. As a result of field measurements, more than 80% of detected VOCs showed high values of photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). The main species were aromatic hydrocarbons such as ethylbenzene, toluene, ethyltoluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene and their isomers, and paraffin hydrocarbons such as nonane, decane, and octane. Comparative examination between pristine ink and the printing process revealed the emission of hydrocarbons with 8 to 12 carbons such as o-xylene to n-dodecane from the used inks and with 3 to 7 carbons such as acetone to 3-methylhexane from the printing process. The major contributors to ozone production in printing industries were toluene (12.2%), heptane (7.43%), and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene (7.21%) in every step.

Recently, public complaints about unpleasant odor are increasing, particularly in urban areas. One of the odor sources is meat grilling restaurants in the vicinity of the residential areas. In this study, we characterized the odorous compounds generated from the stack of grilling restaurants, and evaluated the removal efficiency of the control facilities. As a result of the field investigation, the dilution index of the complex odor exceeded 500 times that of all test restaurants. The main substance was acetaldehyde. In addition, the correlation coefficient (R2) between the total odor and the sum of odor activity values (SOAV) was 0.73, a value high enough to indicate significant responsibility. The performance of the control facility has been shown to be strongly influenced by maintenance activities, such as cleaning and filter replacements.

The genus Etainia Beirne is one of the small group in the family Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) and is comprising 16 described species in the world. Among them, just four species have been known from the East Palearctic region. As results of taxonomic studies on Korean nepticulids, two species of Etania, E. peterseni Puplesis and E. trifasciata (Matsumura), are newly recognized from Korea. Description and illustrations of diagnostic characteristics including male genitalia for each species are provided with information of host plants.

The genus Stigmella is one of the largest group in the family Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera: Neticuloidea), comprising 428 described species in the world. In Korea, totally eight species have been known to date so far we know. Recently two newly recorded species are collected from Gwangneung forest, Gyeonggi province, Korea. This study is aimed to report two species, S. omelkoi Puplesis, 1984 and S. kurokoi Puplesis, 1984, for the first time from Korea. These two species have been known as mining on Quercus (Fagaceae) in larva stage. We provide specific diagnosis, illustration of diagnostic characters for each species with available information including collection locality, host plant and distribution range.

In the present study we report a newly recognized crambid species, Sinibotys butleri (South, 1901). Previously, two species, S. evenoralis and S. obliquilinealis, were known from Korea, but now they are belonged to a genus Torulisquama Zhang, 2010, that was newly erected in a recent study. Sinibotys differs from Torulisquama by having: forewing 36－47.5 mm in length and without unscaled areas; male with transtilla covered with setae and editum bearing dense setae; female with ductus bursae relatively broad and short; corpus bursae and signum much larger. We update taxonomic position of these three species accordingly and compare Sinibotys and Torulisquama morphologically. A Key to species, description of adult, male and female genitalia structures are provided with available information such as collection locality, host plant and distribution range for the species.

The species composition of the parasitoid complex and the degree of parasitism by each species were analyzed for Ivela auripes Butler (Lepidoptera, Lymantridae) populations in the increasing phase. Total of 2,177 eggs, larvae and pupae were collected and reared from the Gwangneung forest Pocheon-si, Korea. The most abundant parasitoids from each developmental stage were: a trichogrammatid wasp (Trichogramma kurosuae) from eggs, a braconid wasp (Cotesia melanoscela) from larvae, an ichneumonid wasp (Pimpla disparis) and a tachinid fly (Tachinidae sp.1), each from pupae. 19 other parasitoids, mostly hyperparasitoids, also occurred including Tachinidae sp.2, Pteromalidae sp.1, Ichneumonidae sp.3, and Apechthis capulifera. Illustrations and a list of the species parasitizing of I. auripes are provided.

전 세계적으로 증가하고 있는 선박 배출가스 규제를 위해 국제해사기구(IMO)는 배출되고 있 는 가스의 부정적 환경영향에 대한 부각과 함께 법적인 규제를 강화하고 있다. 국제해사기구(IMO) 규 제에 따라, 발트 해 연안을 지나는 모든 배들은 배출가스 제거창치를 장착해야 한다. 다양한 최신 탈황/ 탈질 장치가 소개되고 있는 가운데, 선박의 제한 된 공간을 활용한 폐 세정액 회수 공정 또한 중요한 기술로 발전 가능하다. 탈황/탈질 장치 후단에서 발생되는 폐 세정액은 질산암모늄, 황산암모늄과 같은 유용부산물을 포함하고 있다. 본 연구는 선택적 유기용매 염석 법, 저온 결정화 추출, 열 감압농축을 이 용하여 유용부산물로서 질산암모늄을 추출하였다. 열 감압농축으로 얻어진 부산물을 반복적 유기용매 추 출방법으로 정제했을 시 가장 높은 순도의 질산암모늄이 추출 되었다. 분석 장비를 통해 추출 된 유용 부산물의 성분 및 특성을 평가하였다.

Activated carbon fibers(ACFs) were prepared in this research from a polyacrylonitrile(PAN) precursor with the KOH(1~4 M) pretreatment and following activation at 800oC in a lab-scale. The sample ACFs were characterized according to their textural properties, and evaluated for CO2 adsorption capacity. The surface area and pore volume of ACFs increased according to the pretreatment with KOH; for example, 4M-KOH aqueous solution resulted in 1552.5 m2/g specific surface area and 0.605 cc/g pore volume. It also showed high CO2 adsorption amount(3.11 mmol/g) which showed a proportional increase with reaction pressure.

The properties of dust collected from electric arc furnace of ferro manganese production units was investigated, and also the metallic manganese was recovered from the dust by aluminothermy process. The ferromanganese dust collected from electric arc furnace contained about 15% of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) and 9% of carbon as the contaminant, and have a 5um of 50% median diameter and irregular particle shape. The carbon contaminant in the dust could be reduced until about 0.1~0.5% level by roasting in the air at a temperature of 600~900C for 60minutes. The recovery of manganese could not be carried out using only ferromanganese dust from electric arc furnace by aluminothermy process, but the ferromanganese which contained manganese of about 92% and iron of about 5% could be obtained from the mixture of ferromanganese dusts from electric arc furnace and converter. The best mixing condition of dust fixed at electric arc furnace dust / converter dust ratio of 1:9 and 2:8, and the mixing rato of 3:7 or more could not separated the metal and slag from the reactant after aluminothermy reaction.

In the present study, we report two lepidopteran pests on the cones of Abies koreana E. H. Wilson; Cydia sp. of Tortricidae and Dioryctria abietella Denis et Schiffermüller of Pyralidae. Larvae of these species bored tunnels inside the immature cones of the host plant. Damaged cones are easy to spot by reddish brown excretion from the pest entry holes, and the cones severly damaged by the larvae becomes crooked. Damage rate on the cones reached up tp 71% from the collection site. Regarding the two pests, some basic information such as collection records, morphological characters, and ecology were provided.