This study was conducted to analyze the differences in consumer behavior of coffee product according to monthly income in franchised coffee shop's consumer in Korea. A total of 293 questionnaires were used out of the 330 that had been distributed for analysis; those that lacked reliability were excluded. Frequency, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test was conducted to analyze the hypotheses of the study. The findings are summarized as follows. There were significant differences in consumer behavior with regard to seeking health, eco-friendly products, product brand, and product taste as well as preferred coffee menu and coffee consumption expenditures. High income consumers rather than low income groups showed much higher score for concerning health, concerning diet, concerning calorie, concerning instant, concerning caffeine and concerning nature, organic in coffee consumer behavior. In amount spent on purchasing coffee products according to income, low income consumers rather than high income groups had much higher financial expense burden.

Numerous environmental stresses, such as abiotic and biotic stresses, cause significant yield loss in crops and can significantly affect their development. Un the field conditions, crops are exposed to a variety of concurrent stresses. Combined high temperature and linked diseases can cause considerable damage that eventually leads to crop death. Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the genes encoding the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) motif obtained from transcriptome profiles of two cabbage genotypes with contrasting responses to heat stress. We selected 80 up-regulated genes form a total of 264 loci, among which 17 were confirmed to be complete and incomplete members of the TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) class families, and another identified as a NFYA-HAP2 family member. Expression analysis using qRT-PCR revealed that 8 genes showed significant responses to heat shock treatment and F. oxysporum infection. Additionally, in the commercial B. oleracea cultivars with resistance to F. oxysporum, Bol007132, Bol016084, and Bol030522 genes showed dramatically higher expression levels in the F. oxysporum resistant line than the intermediate and susceptible lines. The results of this study may facilitate the identification and development of molecular markers based on multiple stress resistance genes related to heat and fungal stress under field conditions in B. oleracea.