The generation of negative inversion (NI) in both Standard English (SE) and Non-standard English (NSE) has been puzzles to the English grammar, mainly because of their grammatical idiosyncrasies. One prevalent approach for the construction in both is a configurational, movement one that contributes the inversion force to the so-called NEG criterion as well as to the interaction of functional projections and movement operations. In this paper, we provide a non-movement, construction-based analysis of the NI. In particular, we attribute the inversion force to purely constructional properties. This construction-based analysis, without resorting to movement operations or functional projections, can provide a simple analysis for the similarities and differences between SE and NSE NI constructions.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the grammatical status of English core negative element ne and not in the process of diachronic changes. Negation was generally expressed by the negative particle ne throughout OE. It came to be expressed by the weakened ne in combination with the negative adverb not in ME, and as ne disappeared, not started to be used exclusively from around the fifteenth century. There was a temporary tendency to place not before a lexical verb until the verb do became fully grammaticalized as an auxiliary, but negation began to be derived with the syntactic structure of `a finite modal verb/do＋not＋a lexical verb` from the later period of Early ModE. Contracted negation came to be optionally expressed through negative contraction in terms of encliticization of not to the preceding finite verb from Late ModE.

최근 노인 학대 인식의 날을 맞이하여 보건복지부는 1년간 전국의 65세 이상 노인 6745명을 대상으로 학대실태조사를 하였다. 결과를 보면, 전체 노인의 14%가 학대를 받은 경험이 있었으며, 그 중 정서 학대가 67%, 방임이 22%, 경제적 학대가 4.3%로 나타나 노인 문제에 대한 국가 차원에서의 관심이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 노인들을 대상으로 신체활동 유무·부적 정서·경제적 수준과 정신건강간의 관계를 살펴보고자 한다. 수도권에 거주하는 65세 이상의 남녀 142명으로부터 얻은 자료를 토대로 타당도, 신뢰도, 카이제곱, Pearson 상관관계, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 신체활동 무 보다는 신체활동 유에서 간이정신진단검사-90-개정판의 9가지 요인들과 유의한 상관관계가 더 많이 나타났으며, 경제수준과 불안과는 부적상관, 부적정서와 신체화, 대인예민증, 우울증, 불안, 적대감, 편집증, 전체심도지수는 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 정신건강수준을 알 수 있는 변수들 간 상대적 영향력에 대한 평가에서는 부적정서, 신체활동유무, 경제수준 순으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 볼 때, 노인들의 정신건강을 위해서는 일상생활 속에서 느끼는 부적정서를 최소화하고 신체활동 권장을 통하여 스트레스, 불안, 고독감, 외로움 등을 해소할 수 있는 생활환경을 조성하는 것이 필요하다.

It seems that persecution is not an appropriate subject of discussion in the time of 'no' persecution. Looking back over the history of Christianity, however, one finds that persecution has been one of the main concerns for all times. Persecution for cause of personal conviction and practice has been a dark side of human history, whether religious or political. That the religion whose main teaching is 'to love God' and 'to love others' has been a protagonist of 'hating and hurting others' in history must be blasphemous to its God and hypocritical to humanity. Baptists have been more the persecuted than persecutors in their history. Baptists were from the beginning the persecuted. Just as Anabaptists in sixteenth-century were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, Baptists were persecuted by both the then established church, the Church of England, and reforming Puritans. They have shaped their convictions, theology, and way of life through dealing with persecution, including the concept of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Roger Williams initiated the movement of religious liberty in American history. From the very beginning of his life in America, he was driven to struggling for 'soul liberty' and building a 'wall of separation' between the church and the state. Persecution was always there as he fought through his activities and writings in Old England and New. Persecution was a negative experience that made Williams go beyond orthodox Puritanism and reach the idea of religious liberty and separation of church and state. This paper is an investigation as to how persecution had an effect on Williams's view of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Chapter one is introductory comments. Chapter two sketches Williams's life around persecution and the New England situation of the time. Chapter three deals with different perspectives on his view of persecution: biblical, historical, ecclesiastical, and civil. Chapter four is implication and conclusion.

The antibacterial effects of anodic electrolyzed water against various bacteria were studied in this investigation. Complete inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria occurred within 15 s after exposure to anodic electrolyzed water. Moreover, 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 diluted anodic electrolyzed water by adding deionized water showed strong antibacterial effects. However, the inhibitory effect of anodic electrolyzed water on the anaerobe of Propionibacterium acnes was much weaker than that on the aerobes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The degraded fragments of E. coli cell were observed upon treating anodic electrolyzed water for 1 min by using scanning electron microscopy.

Ornithine deacetylase (argE) gene as a negative selection marker gene was successfully co-transformed with SOD-APX or NDPK2 as a target gene to develop marker free transgenic rice. E.coli argE gene encodes an enzyme which activates N-acetyl phosphinothricin (N-AcPt) through deacetylation. The enzyme was reported that deacetylate N-AcPt, a non cyto-toxic compounds, to produce cyto-toxic PPT. So the argE gene can be used as a negative selection marker and N-AcPt can be used as a substrate of argE gene. Using former purification method (Kriete G., et al., 1996) was very expensive because the small amount of N-AcPt produced by the method. We developed a strategy to produce N-AcPt by means of chemical method. N-AcPt function was identified using hygromycin resistant T1 seeds on MS basal medium contained N-AcPt prior to utilization of argE gene as a negative selection marker in marker free transgenic rice. Negative selection effects were performed with T1 seeds containing argE gene under N-AcPt. This system provides a efficient negative selection effect from transgenic rice and that will be efficiently used for the production of marker gene free rice plants.

Extracts from sawdust of Pinus densiflora were showed antifungal activity against Lentinula edodes. It was extracted by hot water and then successively extracted by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The yields of the n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetatesoluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble fractions of water extracts were 8.2%, 10.6%, 32.0%, and 49.2%, respectively. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed the greatest antifungal activity against L. edodes: 41.5% inhibition at 1,000 ppm. However, there were not significant differences of antifungal activities between n-hexane-soluble fraction and methanol-soluble fraction at a concentration of 1,000 ppm. The hot water extracts showed 23.5% of antifungal activity against L. edodes at a concentration of 1000 ppm. The four antifungal compounds were separated from ethyl acetate fraction by thin layer chromatography.

T. S. Eliot has woven into the fabric of Four Quartets themes and symbols from a variety of Christian and non-Christian mystical sources. One of the powerful mystical elements is derived from the 16th century Spanish mystic, St. John of the Cross, whose spiritual exercises stand for the Negative Way. In the Western theology, there are two distinctive ways in which Christian saints or poets can perceive the Divine Reality. They are the Affirmative Way and the Negative Way. The Affirmative Way is the same idea with the doctrine or poetry of immanence, and the Negative Way with the doctrine or poetry of transcendence. T. S. Eliot's poetry is influenced by the tradition of the Negative Way or the poetry of transcendence. This thesis intends to study what characteristics the Affirmative Way or the Negative Way respectively has, and what is the theory of St. John's dark night of the soul. Also it wishes to trace which elements Eliot took from St. John and which elements he refused to take. Finally, in his masterpiece Four Quartets, this study will observe how St. John's negative theology is crystallized into the inner structure of the poem. Also this thesis wishes to reveal in what sense Eliot's poetry can be named the poetry of transcendence. Hopkins perceives the unity of nature, a poet and God, therefore he depicts the nature like "The world is charged with the grandeur of God." But Eliot is not eager to perceive the immanent presence of God in the power and beauty of nature. Instead, the poet is evoked with partial ecstasy and partial dread and goes through purgation process and afterwards reaches self-oblivion or union with God. In Eliot's idiom, he wishes to "go by a way wherein there is no ecstasy." In "Burnt Norton" III and "East Coker" III Eliot gives powerful expression to St. John's Negative Way. In these parts Eliot tries to apply St. John's theory, which was, originally, individual way of spiritual exercises, to diagnosing the collective spiritual darkness of modern London. Eliot seems to declare such a modern society must pass through the painful self-negation and complete deprivation, as shown in St. John's Negative Way. According to John X. Cooper, such idea of Eliot's is possibly true, because if the individual purification cannot bring us back from the abyss, the mere social world can hold absolutely no hope. We can hear Eliot's prophetic voice saying that after descending to the bottom and confronting the absolute solitude and abyss, the soul can arise from the dark night of purgation towards the world of light. Four Quartets, however, remains first and foremost a poem not a poetic version of mystical theology. Although Eliot alludes to and even paraphrases St. John's dark night of the soul, St. John's negative theology can be only one of the powerful threads in Eliot's poetical fabric.

The magnitudes of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies at 13 coastal stations along the Korean peninsula in the summer and winter for the past 29years (1969-1997) are more larger than those in the spring and autumn. The periods of positive SST anomalies (negative SST anomalies) longer than 1℃ were 75(74.5) months in the eastern coast of Korea, 47.8(51.6) months in the southern coast of Korea and 69.5(69.8) months in the western coast of Korea during the past 348 months (1969-1997). The predominant periods of the low-pass filtered monthly SST anomalies are 3 years or 13 months, even another predominant period is 24 months. The spatial variation of SST anomalies were confined by regional seas of the Korean peninsula, such as the East Sea, the South Sea and the West Sea itself.

Oh, Myung-Ki. 1999. Negative Polarity Licensing in Negated Because-clauses. Studies in Modern Grammar 15, 139-155. In this paper I`ll argue that NPI licensing in negated because-clauses can be properly accounted for, only if a causal statement can be captured as a combination of the antecedent, the consequent, and the corresponding negative counterfactual. In this context, this paper shows that NPIs in because-clauses can be explicitly licensed through the steps of derivation of the truth of negative because-clauses.