Compound K(ginsenoside M1) is one of saponin metabolites and has many benefits for human health. This study was to investigate Compound K produced from ginseng crude saponin extract with commercial cellulolytic complex enzyme(cellulase, β-glucanase, and hemicellulase) obtained from Trichoderma reesei. The effect factors(temperature, pH, ginseng crude saponin extract and enzyme concentration, and reaction time) on production of Compound K from ginseng crude saponin extract were determined by one factor at a time method. The selected major factor variables were ginseng crude saponin extract of 2%(w/v), enzyme of 7%(v/v), reaction time of 48 hr. Based on the effect factors, response surface method was proceeded to optimize the enzymatic bioconversion conditions for the desirable Compound K production under the fixed condition of pH 5.0 and 50℃. The optimal reaction condition from RSM was ginseng crude saponin extract of 2.38%, enzyme of 6.06%, and reaction time of 64.04 hr. The expected concentration of Compound K produced from that reaction was 840.77 ㎎/100 g. Production of Compound K was 1, 017.93 ㎎/100 g and 862.31 ㎎/100 g, by flask and bench-scale bioreactor(2.5ℓ) system, respectively.

This paper discusses two metaphorical extensions of the Caused-Motion (CM) Construction, the Intocausative and Out-of-causative constructions. The two constructions inherit the causative meaning from the CM, but employs several key different grammatical properties. The paper reviews some key properties of the constructions and investigate their authentic usages with the help of the corpora, COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) and COHA (Corpus of Historical American English). The paper also sketches a Construction Grammar view that may account for the shared as well as idiosyncratic properties of the two constructions in investigation.

The microbial composition in Nuruk, a Korean cereal fermentation starter, is a critical factor for the quality and organoleptic properties of traditional alcoholic beverages. This study was aimed at monitoring the compositional change and enzyme activity of culturable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two types of Nuruk fermented at different temperatures. All culturable LAB were isolated at various time points (0, 3, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days) and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. In traditional Nuruk type A (TN-A), which was fermented at 36℃, the population of total culturable LAB during the fermentation period was between 104 and 105 log CFU/mL. On the other hand, the LAB population in traditional Nuruk type B (TN-B) fermented at 45℃ (primary fermentation for 10 days) and 35℃ (secondary fermentation for 20 days) was 102 log CFU/mL; however, these bacteria could not be detected after 6 days. Major LAB strains were identified in both Nuruk types: (1) from the MRS-culture of TN-A, Pediococcus pentosaceus at 3-30 days; (2) from MRS-culture of TN-B, P. pentosaceus at 3 days and Enterococcus hirae at 6 days. The protease activities of the dominant LAB isolated from the TN-A and TN-B cultures were within the ranges of 0.64~1.03 mg/mL and 0.74~0.81 mg/mL (tyrosine content), respectively, whereas the α-amylase activities were 0.75~0.98 mg/mL and 0.78~0.79 mg/mL (amylose content), respectively.

염화칼슘 농도를 달리한 쌈무의 조직감 개선 효과, 물리·화학적 특성 및 관능평가를 비교하였다. 염화칼슘 첨가 후 저장 전 쌈무들의 pH와 총산도 범위는 각각 약 3.8~4.0와 2.7~3.0(%, w/v)이었으며, 28일 동안의 저장기간 동안 저장 온도 4℃와 50℃의 시료들은 저장 전 초기 pH와 총산도의 범위를 유지하였다. 그러나 저장온도 25℃에서 쌈무 시료들은 저장 전 초기 pH 범위보다 0.5가 낮아졌고 총산도는 1.9~2.2(%, w/v)가 증가되어졌다. 염화칼슘의 첨가에 따른 쌈무 시료들의 색도를 측정한 결과, 28일 저장동안 4℃에서 저장된 쌈무 시료들은 현저한 차이를 나타내었으나(△E값 1.66~8.21) 50℃에서 저장된 시료들은 다른 계통의 색으로(△E값 23~27) 큰 변화를 보였다. 쌈무 시료들의 경도에 있어서, 저장온도 4℃와 25℃에서 28일 동안 저장된 쌈무 시료들의 경도는 저장 전 쌈무 시료들의 경도와 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 50℃에서는 염화칼슘 처리량이 증가 할수록 경도가 높게 유지되고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 쌈무 시료들의 씹힘성에 있어서는 전반적으로 경도의 결과와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 이로써 염화칼슘처리로 쌈무의 조직감을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 4℃에서 28일 동안 저장된 쌈무 시료들의 관능평가 결과, 0.4% 염화칼슘이 첨가된 쌈무 시료가 맛, 경도와 전반적인 기호도에서 가장 높은 점수를 받아 유통 저장기간 동안 관능품질을 유지하면서 쌈무의 조직감을 유지시킬 수 있는 염화칼슘 첨가량이라 판단된다.

English conditional constructions can be realized as inverted ones, but the question remains what trigger the inversion and what kind of differences exist between the canonical and inverted conditional constructions. This paper supports the claim that the constructions are basically motivated by the information structure while inheriting general properties from the more general constructions, SAI (Subject-Aux-Inversion) ones.

The generation of negative inversion (NI) in both Standard English (SE) and Non-standard English (NSE) has been puzzles to the English grammar, mainly because of their grammatical idiosyncrasies. One prevalent approach for the construction in both is a configurational, movement one that contributes the inversion force to the so-called NEG criterion as well as to the interaction of functional projections and movement operations. In this paper, we provide a non-movement, construction-based analysis of the NI. In particular, we attribute the inversion force to purely constructional properties. This construction-based analysis, without resorting to movement operations or functional projections, can provide a simple analysis for the similarities and differences between SE and NSE NI constructions.