The main goal of this study is to review the role of the age factor in foreign language education and to discuss its implications in Korean English education. ‘The younger, the better', under the critical period hypothesis, has recently played a critical role in the introduction of English language education to young children in Korea and the public and the govemment seem to be highly dependent upon the hypothesis when they decide children’s English education. For example, the English education program in Korean elementary schools is an offspring of this theory. This study, however, casts a doubt on the effect of age on English education by reviewing theoretical and experimental studies focusing on whether age or the critical period hypothesis is a meaningful factor to validate the early exposure of foreign language education and its following success. Findings from foreign language education in US, French immersion programs in Canada and other foreign countries and adult second language leaming and studies dealing with the critical period hypothesis were critically reviewed to provide evidences to such argument that age is not a primary factor to determine early English education in Korea. On the contrary, time or the amount of exposure to the English language should be a more critical factor in a context where a very limited exposure to the target language is only possible. A list of generalizations and implications are also provided.

예이츠 비평가들은 예이츠의『갈림길』(1889)을 주로 영적인 측면의 화합을 추구하는 작품으로 보는 경향이 있다. 1948년 리차드 엘만이 예이츠의 시는 궁극적으로 화합된 의식을 좇고 있다고 갈파한 이래 이 말은 예이츠 비평의 정석처럼 되어 버렸다. 많은 학자들은 비록 왜 예이츠가 영적 화합을 그토록 갈망하는 지에 대한 이유에 대해서는 각기 다른 설명을 제시하고 있지만 그가 『갈림길』에서 영적 화합을 추구하고 있다는 사실은 부인하지 않고 있다. 1996년에 발표된『예이츠와 연금술』에서 윌리암 고르스키는 아직도 예이츠의 영적 화합의 추구에 대해 다른 결론을 내리기가 힘들다고 결론 짓고 있다. 이러한 결론은 결국『갈림길』의 일부의 시만 다룬 결과임을 알 수 있다. 즉, 예이츠 학자들은 주로 이 시집의 전반부의 시들만 다루고 후반부의 시들 즉, 몰 메기의 발라드 , 여우사냥꾼의 발라드 , 등과 같은 시들은 언급을 하지 않고 있음을 알 수 있다. 물론, 학자들의 이러한 접근 방법 및 결론이 전적으로 그르다고는 할 수 없지만 나는 이 논문에서 『갈림길』을 영적 화합의 추구로만 보면 예이츠의 의도를 부분적으로만 이해하는 것이라고 주장하고 싶다.『갈림길』의 의도는 이 시집에 수록된 총 16 편의 시의 의미와 그 시들의 유기적인 관계를 잘 분석하여 결론을 지어야 한다는 것이다. 이 시들은 일정한 원칙 하에 배치되어 있는데 그 원칙을 살펴보면 각기 8 편의 시가 한 그룹을 형성하도록 되어 전부 두 그룹이 만들어져 있다. 처음 그룹의 시들을 살펴보면 은 각각의 시가 동과 정, 이상과 현실, 순간과 영원 같은 반대의 요소들로 균형을 이루고 있고 두 번째 그룹의 시들은 공과 사, 과거와 현재, 카톨릭과 프로테스탄트, 상류와 하류, 그리고 연방주의자와 분리주의자 같은 반대의 요소로 균형을 이루고 있음을 알 수 있다. 첫 번째 그룹은 영적 화합을 추구하고 있으며 이 의미는 우리가 아는 대로 동과 정의 두 반대 요소가 다 필수적이라는 것이다. 다시 말해 이 두 요소가 잘 조화를 이룰 때 우리의 영적 해방이 이루어진다는 종교적인 메시지가 담겨있는 것이다. 마찬가지로 우리는 똑같은 원리를 두 번째 그룹의 시에도 적용해야 하며 그 의미는 카톨릭과 프로테스탄트 같은 적대 세력이 서로 화합해야 아이랜드에 진정한 평화가 온다는 것이다. 다시 말해 상반된 두 요소 즉 영혼과 육체, 사랑과 미움을 모두 받아들이는 것이 새로운 자아 형성을 위해 필수적이듯이 상류층과 하류층, 연방주의자와 분리주의자들 모두를 받아들이는 것이 새로운 아이랜드의 건설을 위해 좋다는 것이다. 정확하게 말해서, 갈림길은 아이랜드의 정치적 분열을 치유할 수 있는 화합의 모델을 종교적인 개념을 통해 제시하고 있다는 것이다.

This study examines the Symbolic notions of Haein Buddhist Monastery based on the context of Feng-shui. Through the study, it is verified that the geographical features surrounding the Haein Buddhist Monastery are imbued with the basic layout of the monastery and the constitutional elements of the Haein Buddhist Monastery are structured and formed with the architecture and landscape of the monastery. Thus, the study maintains that the siting and the arrangement of the Haein Buddhist Monastery reflect the context of Feng-shui.

The reasons why the urban and architectural environment in Korea has become distorted in spite of many cases of experience in developement for last 30years, are deeply rooted in rather having disregarded or omitting the importance of the evaluation than the shortness of the skill or techniques. So now it requires strongly setting new context to improve the recent urban architectural evironment by arranging the confused problems and finding the hidden ones before the real and practical evaluation. The new context proposed in this paper is composed of three contents, that are economics, function, and culture.

Under the current wave of digital marketing, profound changes are taking place in the e-commerce marketing model in various industries. The basis of rural revitalization is the development of rural industries. Aiming at the advantages of quick and convenient, networking, low cost and no time and space limitation of electric business, which can effectively carry out the integration of online and offline resources, in the context of rural revitalization, with the help of rural electric business as an important means, through online sales channels, revitalize the circulation of agricultural products and improve the enthusiasm of farmers’ participation, so as to realize the construction of a new rural good life. Therefore, rural e-commerce as a new opportunity for rural industrial development has injected new vitality and provided endogenous power for rural revitalization. There are also many problems that require in-depth analysis and research.

Communication scientist McLuhan believes that “media is an important symbol to distinguish different social forms. The emergence and application of each new media heralds the arrival of a new era.” The micro-documentary communication in the context of new media takes the realization of information explosion as the guiding direction, and quickly enters the “micro era”. Chinese micro documentary is the product of the new media era, and has gradually developed into an independent new form of image works. In order to better adapt to the film viewing characteristics of Chinese audiences in the context of new media, China’s Micro-documentaries have made corresponding adjustments in the communication form and creation path, forming creative characteristics with Chinese characteristics.

The role of customers has changed from that of passive users to value co-creators. Therefore, it is important to understand how customer learning takes place and how it affects customer experiences with services and products. However, while past studies insist on the importance of the issues in designing customer experiences, they do not empirically address these issues. This study investigates the support processes for customer learning, and their impact on customer learning, which in turn influences customer experience. To test the hypotheses, we employed the survey method. Target informants were the actual users of Apple iPods. A total of 200 survey questionnaires were distributed and 146 were collected. Among these, seven erroneous responses were excluded, leaving 139 usable ones. The proposed model was empirically analyzed using the Covariance-based SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) technique. The findings of this study suggest that, among the three support processes in customer learning, learning-by-doing support and learning-by-investment support positively affect customer learning, which influences customer experience. This study contributes to the literature by identifying different types of support for different kinds of customer learning processes and by empirically testing the impact of the support for the process on customer learning, and in turn, its impact on customer experience.