This study examines whether Korean rating agencies such as Korea Investors Service (KIS), National Information & Credit Evaluation (NICE), and Korea Ratings Corporation (KR), incorporate corporate governance into their corporate bond ratings in Korea. We find that the Korean rating agencies assign higher ratings to the bonds issued by Chaebol (Korean business group) affiliated firms. Our results also indicate that those rating agencies give higher ratings to the bonds with greater foreign investor share ownership. Moreover, if the rating agencies value corporate governance, higher rated firms should issue bonds at lower yield to maturity. We discover that Chaebol affiliation is counted favorably by the rating agencies. We find that investors are willing to pay lower risk premium for bonds with higher institutional ownership, but higher risk premium to bonds with greater equity ownership in the form of depository receipts. Therefore, even if the rating agencies and investors in Korea consider corporate governance (Chaebol affiliation and ownership structure) an important determinant in bond ratings and the yields to maturity, they have opposite views on institutional ownership and share ownership in the form of depository receipts

Social capital plays a positive role on corporate business performance and business capacity. The paper utilizes corporate social capital theory to discuss marketing channels of sports goods industry, establishes an influence model of corporate social capital for marketing channels of sports goods industry, and elaborates influences of marketing channel design, channel conflict resolution and channel performance management from three aspects, including structure dimension, relational dimension, and cognitive dimension of corporate social capital. Based on analyzing these influence factors, the paper proposes a countermeasure of utilizing network structure and common belief to expand marketing channels and optimize marketing network; using trust, normative mechanism and system to solve channel conflicts; and making use of trust, cooperation, reciprocal norms and external social network to improve market performance.

The paper explores determinants of corporate adoption of social media and the role of technology acceptance model in the path. This paper assimilates some components of the technology acceptance dimension and social expectation theories to determine corporate intentions to use social media. Six hundred and forty-eight samples collected from hotel staff in Korea are analyzed using factor analysis, structural equation model techniques and one-way analysis of variance. The results show that corporate needs, social expectations, ease of use and usefulness should be viewed as important antecedents explaining the firm’s behavioral intention to use social media. The study also finds that the ease of use and usefulness of the technology acceptance model have positive directional mediation effects in the path diagram.

Based on the financial report data from 2007 to 2014 reported by non-financial listing Corporations which listed on China's A shares, studying the impact the M&As' goodwill on the corporation performance and analyzing the regulation effects the acquirer’s property right played on the relationship between the goodwill and the company performance. We found that M&As' goodwill has significant effects on the performance of the combined party in current and lagged period, with no obvious correlation between the company's performance of the second, three or four and five period, but in the sixth period both have a significant negative correlation. Further studies have found that comparing with state-owned enterprises, the goodwill cost paid by the private listed enterprises has a bigger impact to improve the performance of the acquire.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate governance practices such as (board size, board composition, CEO duality and audit committee) on the performance of selected Pakistani firms. Research design, data, and methodology – This study examines corporate governance structure by using the data of 80 non-financial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan during 2010-2014. Hypotheses of the study were tested by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Result – The findings indicate that board size and audit committee is positively related to the firm performance (ROA & ROE). In contrast, board composition and CEO duality are negatively related to the firm performance (ROA & ROE). As far as controlling variables is concerned, leverage is negative, whereas firm size is positively related to all measures of performance. Conclusions – Empirical findings concluded that corporate governance practices affect the firm performance. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should understand the governance mechanisms to work more efficiently in the firm

Purpose This study first explores – the possible dynamic relationship between ownership structure and firm performance using a panel of 4,900 Chinese-listed small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from 1999 to 2012. Research design, data, and methodology – We address this issue through a dynamic panel model using a method of moments (GMM) technique and dynamic simultaneous equations to alleviate the potential endogenous problem: unobserved heterogeneity, simultaneity, and dynamic endogeneity. Results – Under the framework of dynamic endogeneity, firm performance has a significantly positive influence on ownership, but not vice versa. Ownership and performance can be explained by their owned lagged values, respectively. Moreover, intertemporal endogeneity exists among ownership, investment, and performance through the application of system dynamic equations, which implies that the relationship among ownership structure, investment, and firm performance is dynamic by nature. Conclusions – This study also significantly contributes to a better understanding of dynamic corporate governance by providing further empirical evidence from the largest capital market in the Asian region.

This research seeks to improve the understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its advantages in the shipping sector. Recently, an improved emphasis on CSR, which incorporates environmental and social concerns into economic considerations of firms, can be found in business management and marketing literature. This is mainly because of people’s increased awareness in regards to the negative consequences of corporate activities such as increased environmental pollution and gaps between the rich and the poor. According to the previous literature, it has been revealed that responsible actions by companies can generate positive outcomes in terms of financial and time aspects, but more importantly, intangible equity of the company, including improved corporate reputation, image as well as brand. As the regulation is intensifying in regards to environmental and social responsibility in the shipping sector, shipping companies are trying to engage in CSR to gain competitive advantages. While the reputation and image of shipping companies play essential roles for developing sustainable maritime transport, few studies have been conducted for how the CSR of shipping companies influence the shipping companies’ reputation and image relative to other industries. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the effect of the corporate social responsibility on corporate reputation and image of shipping companies on the basis of an exploratory study in the Republic of Korea. This research would be beneficial to both academics and practitioners for developing useful CSR strategies which could promote the public’s recognition of the shipping sector.

Purpose – This aim of this study is to examine how conglomerates in Korea have evolved from the perspective of institutional economics. The growth of the economy, dominated by large conglomerates, is projected in light of the dynamic equilibrium between government and capitalists. Research design, data, and methodology – The historical formation of big business groups is examined in chronological order. For the analysis, we divide the assessment into three different eras: Japanese colonial rule, liberation up to the civil war, and the fast growing period since the military coup. Each period is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium that is shaped by economic agents. Results and Conclusion – Despite the rise of modern commerce during the colonial era, contemporary conglomerates came into being with the "enemy property" allotted by the government. Around the civil war, the government coexisted with prototype conglomerates through foreign aid. As the external aid decreased, the system could not be sustained anymore, thus the military coup took place. The reinstated strong bond between government and the conglomerates has shaped the forms of the modern conglomerates thereafter.

Managers, supervisors, executives and others whose office is to get work done by staff in organizations would desire a motivated workforce. Despite the advances in technology, any system has tot have motivated people to achieve its goals and at some time or other, no one in charge of a unit has failed to wonder, ‘How best do I get individuals and groups motivated’? What is motivation, how can employees be motivated to direct their energies towards execution of the job and how is this achieved on a sustained on-going basis? Is a highly motivated employee necessarily an ace performer? These are the issues which the author would address in the present paper. The authors has conducted an empirical study by administering motivational test and collected data from 100 corporate of Bhopal region.

Purpose – Following globalization, Kazakh companies are considered to be among the main economic agents of the country. The influence of Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) on Kazakhstan's economic development is becoming increasingly pronounced. Therefore, limitations and backwardness of legislation regarding regulation of corporate governance must be overcome at the earliest. Research design, data, and methodology – We considered the basis for legislation of corporate governance in Kazakhstan, and the corporate governance models that better describe the situation of being in the organization. Results – Earlier studies have identified several problems, including "transparency" of issuers and markets, and the consequent lack of (undeveloped) external control of managers of the former state-owned enterprises; lack of traditional corporate ethics and culture; and corruption, and other criminal aspects of the problem. This article describes several proposals to improve corporate governance in Kazakhstan to solve these problems. Conclusions – Domestic reformers acting without consideration of local features is a common occurrence today. They often ignore that these features are recommended for reputable international organizations, and therefore should be used carefully.

In this paper our main focus is to provide insight into the history of M&A’s for this purpose we have analysed the different waves of M&A. We have analysed these waves in context of available literature and fact and figures. During the study we realised that almost all of the waves of M&A’s ended because of financial crises, although impact and severity of that crises may differ. We analysed the impact of current crises on M&A in global context and in order to establish how companies have and in post crises era i.e. after crises of 2007 onwards how the companies have changed their corporate strategies to accommodate M&A’s. We have also analysed which factors fuelled M&A’s in past and were these factors present in post crises era M&A activities. By first quarter of 2011 the many firms saw new growth opportunities in M&A activities seemed to rebound as large companies used M&A’s as part of their corporate strategy but this was cut short by events like US debt ceiling, down grade of USA’s credit ratings along with fears about Eurozone’s financial health and their impact on future prospects of M&A’s would they continue to prosper or would they be weighed down by these events.

management on corporate image and purchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology - The study employs monthly time series data from October 2013 to November 2013, analyzing variables to verify hypotheses. These concern three questions on marketing communication, five on public interest business activities, four on donation & sponsorship, two on donation & sponsorship activities, six on corporate image, four on volunteer service, and five on demographic characteristics. Results - Hypothesis 1, "Ethical management in marketing communication, public interest business, donation & sponsorship, and volunteer service positively affects corporate image," was partially adopted with significant regression of marketing communication, public interest business activity, and donation & sponsorship. Hypothesis 2, "Ethical management such as marketing communication, public interest business, donation & sponsorship, and volunteer service positively affects purchase intention," was partially adopted with significant regression of marketing communication and public interest business. Hypothesis 3, "Corporate image positively affects purchase intention," was adopted at significant regression. Conclusions - Ethical management influenced purchase intention and corporate image.

본 연구는 기업 이미지를 형성하는 요소인 ‘안정성’, ‘신뢰성’, ‘친근성’, ‘명성’, ‘사회공헌’을 바탕으로 기업 이미지의 구성요인인 ‘이미지 연상 강도’, ‘이미지 호의성’, ‘이미지 차별성’이 개별 브랜드 신뢰에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 살펴보았으며 기업 이미지가 소비자 대안평가 시 지각된 위험과 구매의도에 직접적인 인과관계가 있는지를 알아보았다. 그리고 개별 브랜드 신뢰가 소비자의 브랜드 대안평가 시 지각된 위험을 낮춰주는가와 실제 구매의도를 높여주는가를 연구하였다. 가설 검증은 증권회사 자산관리서비스를 이용하는 거래고객 263명의 설문을 토대로 구조방정식모델을 통해 실증 분석하였다. 결론적으로 개별 브랜드 가치를 강화하기 위해서는 기업 이미지의 제고가 선행되어야 하며 브랜드 신뢰를 바탕으로 소비자 대안평가의 상대적 우위를 점유하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 향후 자산관리서비스 시장에서 증권회사와 고객과의 관계 형성에 이용될 수 있는 브랜드 관리의 구성적 모델을 제공하고 보다 지속적이고 장기적인 형태로 발전시킬 수 있는 평가 기준으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

최근 물류를 가장 효과적으로 수행할 수 있는 물류관리의 한 형태로 제3자 물류가 가장 유용한 수단으로 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나 물류의 이러한 추세 속에서도 물류를 아웃소싱하지 않고 자사가 직접 물류활동을 수행하면서, 그에 못지않게 경쟁력을 확보하면서 물류를 수행하는 기업도 적지 않다. 이를 상황적합이론 관점에서 보면, 기업이 처한 물류 환경 및 특성에 따라 적합한 물류관리 유형은 달라지게 되며, 이러한 적합관계에 따라 물류성과도 달라지게 된다. 본 연구는 이러한 맥락에서 기업의 물류특성과 물류관리유형 간의 적합관계와 이들의 적합관계에 따른 물류성과의 차이를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과 물류업무의 중요성과 물류업무 비중 및 수출비중이 높을수록 제3자 물류가 적합관계를 이루며, 물류비 비중이 높을수록 자사물류가 적합관계를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 기업의 물류특성과 물류관리 유형간의 적합관계를 이루는 기업이 그렇지 않은 기업보다 물류비용 절감효과와 물류운영 효율성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

현재 국내･외 플라워샵의 CI(Corporate Identity) 로고 색채의 현황을 분석하여 국내 플라워 샵의 브랜드화에 필요성을 제안하고 나아가 소비자들에게 좀 더 체계적으로 인식되는 로고 색채를 개발하여 이미지 마케팅을 부각시켜 소자본으로 플라워샵의 매출을 증대시키는데 필요한 기본 데이터를 제안하고자 플라워샵 CI(Corp-orate Identity)로고의 색채를 조사･분석 하였다. 플라워샵의 선정 기준은 현재, 온라인상에서 판매하고 있는 곳을 중심으로 하였고 색채분석 시 광환경은 표준광원(Philips TL-D 90 Graphica Pro. 36W/950)으로 색측기는 X-rite Eye-One Xtreme iO bundle을 사용하였다. 국내는 주도적으로 Red계열의 색상을 많이 사용하였으며 원색의 가까운 채도가 높은 색채의 보색배색을 많이 사용하였다. 반면 국외는 Green Yellow계열의 색상을 많이 사용하였으며 채도가 낮은 light, deep톤의 유사배색의 사용빈도가 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 시각적인 브랜드 포지셔닝을 색채요소로 분석한 결과 고채도의 색을 단색이나 유사배색으로 사용한 형태와 저채도의 색을 단색이나 유사배색으로 사용한 형태로 나타났으며 각각의 강점과 약점분석과 국내외 CI로고 색채분석 결과 첫째, 채도가 높은 원색을 사용할 경우 유사배색으로 활용하며 둘째, 채도가 낮을 경우 보색배색으로 활동감을 주며 셋째, 채도가 낮고 유사색 배색은 편안한 이미지로 활용하여 우리나라 환경과 수준에 맞추어 적용한다면 플라워샵을 시각적으로 잘 인지하고 구매촉진을 위한 CI 로고 배색으로 적합할 것으로 사료된다.