This study aims to find out the legalization status of a central Shariah regulatory authority for the Islamic banks in Bangladesh. In this regard, the central bank can legalize the existing Centralized Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh (CSBIB) or form a new Centralized Shariah Supervisory Board (CSBB) under the management of the central bank in Bangladesh. Based on the data obtained by the semi-structured interviews, this research finds diversified opinions regarding the legalization of CSBIB or the formation of a new CSBB. Initially, without the law, it would be difficult to form CSSB under the central bank as the Islamic banks and banking environment are still not ready. In addition, it is difficult to legalize the existing CSBIB because the format of its structure is different from the CSSB structure in Malaysia and Bahrain. The existing banking company act authorizes the central bank to provide circulars regarding banking issues and it will be considered as an act. The central bank can legalize the existing CSBIB or form a new CSSB through a circular which will be helpful to monitor the overall Shariah issues. The presence of a CSSB will fulfill the expectations of all Islamic banks, and the concerned stakeholders.

남해 섬진강 하구유역에 발달되어 있는 남해중앙니질대는 흑산머드벨트의 퇴적물들과 섬진강의 퇴적물들을 공급받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 니질 퇴적체를 형성하기 위해서는 위 지역에서 공급되는 퇴적물보다 더 많은 양의 퇴적물이 공급되어야하기 때문에, 추가적인 퇴적물 공급원에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 남해중앙니질대 퇴적물의 기원지 및 퇴적물 유입경로의 변화를 알아보기 위해, 16PCT-GC01 및 16PCT-GC03 코어에 대해 점토광물 및 주성분원소 분석을 수행하였다. 황하 퇴적물은 스멕타이트의 함량이 높고, 양쯔강 퇴적물은 일라이트의 함량이 높으며, 한국 강 퇴적물들은 카올리나이트와 녹니석의 함량이 높다. 또한 한국 강 퇴적물은 Al, Fe, K가 풍부하고, 중국 강 퇴적물은 Ca, Mg, Na 등이 풍부하다. 따라서 점토광물과 주성분원소를 이용해 퇴적물의 기원지를 추적할 수 있다. 연구 결과, 남해중앙니질대의 코어 퇴적층은 총 3개의 퇴적 단위(sediment unit)로 구분 할 수 있다. 해수면이 가장 낮은 저수위기(lowstand stage)에 해당되는 퇴적 단위 3은 황하로부터 공급된 퇴적물이 연안류 혹은 조석 작용에 의해 연구지역으로 공급된 것으로 해석되고, 해수면이 빠르게 상승하는 해침기(transgressive stage)에 해당되는 퇴적 단위 2는 황하의 영향이 약해지고 양쯔강과 한국 강들의 영향이 강해지는 것으로 해석된다. 현재와 같은 해수면과 해류의 순환이 형성된 고수위기 (highstand stage)에 해당되는 퇴적 단위 1은 양쯔강과 한국 강으로부터 퇴적물이 해류를 통해 연구지역으로 공급된 것으로 해석된다.

기존의 자기공명영상검사에서 문제점으로 지적되어 왔던 위상부호화 방향에서의 긴 판독시간과 낮은 대역폭과 함께 기하학적 왜곡의 경향이 있어 이러한 영상왜곡을 감소하기 위한 여러 방법 중 FOCUS-DWI가 있다. 본 논문은 선택적인 위상 방향 및 슬라이스를 이용하는 FOCUS-DWI가 자기장 내 중심축에서 거리 변화에 따른 인공물, 균일도를 기존의 Conventional-DWI와 비교하여 그에 대한 유용성을 확인하고자 하였다. 인공물 발생에 대한 결과는 Conventional-DWI 기법에서 불규칙적인 줄무늬 인공물이 발생하였는데 중심축에서 인공물의 발생이 심하게 나타났고, 영상의 겹침 정도가 급격하게 증가하였다. 하지만 FOCUS-DWI 기법은 줄무늬 모양의 인공물 발생이 나타나지 않았고 영상의 겹침 정도도 적게 나타났으며, 영역별 신호 측정에 대한 균일도 결과는 중심축에서 거리의 변화에 관계없이 FOCUS-DWI가 훨씬 우수한 기법으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 FOCUS-DWI 기법은 인공물, 영상의 겹침 정도, 균일도 측정에서 Conventional-DWI 기법보다 우수한 결과를 보였고, 거리의 변화에 따른 두 기법에서는 차이가 없게 나타났다. 따라서 FOCUS-DWI 기법은 영상의 왜곡 정도가 적고 화질이 우수하여 임상에서 활용도가 높을 것이라 사료된다.

Purpose: The possibility of interaction between physical and mental fatigues was investigated in this study. Should any interaction between the physical and psychological fatigue takes place, it must accompany the changes in the brain. Therefore, the level of central activation ratio (central fatigue) has been measured as a function of monetary reward to elicit the extrinsic motivation. Methods: Twenty four healthy young male subjects performed quadriceps isotonic extensions until they experience the muscular fatigue. Then, the notification of the monetary reward depending on the level of extension force for the next 3 attempts were given to the experimental group, while no such information was given to the control group. During these post-fatigue isometric maximum voluntary contraction trials, the transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered on the motor cortex to measure the central activation ratio. Two-way repeated ANOVA were performed. Results: Pre- vs. Post-fatigue comparisons confirmed that the subjects regardless of the group experienced the peripheral fatigue although the level of peripheral fatigue was less pronounced in the group with extrinsic motivation. On the other hand, the central activation ratio of the extrinsic motivation group did not displayed any decrease as the control group did. Conclusion: The results from this study provided an evidence showing the effects of motivation on the muscular fatigue. What’s intriguing is, however, the level of fatigue at the brain level showed no significant sign of fatigue when the monetary reward was suggested. It is presumable to suggest that the high motivation made our subjects prone to the central fatigue, and such effects might have decrease the peripheral muscle fatigue in turn.

Background: Inflammation plays an important role in various diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Behcet's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L. extracts obtained using different extraction methods (water extraction or high temperature extraction) on RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results: Extracts from the central part (including the heartwood, sapwood, cambiun, and phloem) and bark (including the periderm and cortex) of Morus alba L. were obtained using either water or high temperature extraction. The following extract were obtained: MA1, water extract from the central part of Morus alba L., MA2, high temperature extract from the central part of Morus alba L., MA3, water extract from the bark of Morus alba L., and MA4, high temperature extract from the bark of Morus alba L. None of these extracts was observed to be cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cells. The MA2 extract reduced the production of LPS-induced NO (nitric oxide), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results indicated that the inflammatory response was moderated by MA2. Treatment with MA2 could be used as a natural medicine for treating diseases involving inflammation. However, further experiments are required to determine how the high temperature extraction method alters the active ingredients in the extract and influences the anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L..

만장광상은 옥천변성대 화전리층 내에 발달되었으며 열극충전형 동광체인 중앙 및 본광체와 철 스카른형 서부광체로 대분된다. 본 연구에서는 중앙 및 본광체에 대한 광상학적 연구를 수행하여 기존 서부광체 광화작용 특성과 비교하고자 한다. 중앙광체는 맥상조직이 두드러지며 자류철석과 황동석이 주를 이루는 반면, 본광체는 맥상, 괴상, 각력상 조직과 더불어 황철석, 유비철석, 황동석이 주로 산출된다. 이 밖에 섬아연석, 방연석, 자철석, 티탄철석, 금홍석, 석석, 철망간중석, 황석석 등이 수반된다. 스카른이 부분적으로 발달하며 석류석은 그로슐라 계열, 휘석은 헤덴버자이트 계열이 우세한 것으로 보아 대체로 환원환경에서 정출된 것으로 보인다. 중앙광체의 섬아연석-황석석과 본광체의 황철석-유비철석 광물공생군을 이용한 생성온도는 각각 204-263℃, 383-415℃로서 중앙광체가 상대적으로 낮고, 황분압도 본광체에서 10-6-10-7 atm로서 비교적 높고 중앙광체로 가면서 점차 감소한 것으로 보인다. 황화광물의 황동위원소조성은 중앙광체 4.6-7.9‰, 본광체 4.3-7.0‰로 상호 유사하며 주로 화성기원이지만 모암의 영향으로 약간 높게 나타난다. 광석광물의 종류와 조직 그리고 광화작용의 물리 화학적 조건을 고려할 때 동광화작용이 발달한 본광체와 중앙광체는 잠두화성암에 대하여 각각 근지성과 원지성 광화작용의 특성을 나타낸 것으로 보이며, 스카른 철광상이 발달한 서부광체와는 서로 다른 열수계의 영향을 받아 생성된 것으로 여겨진다.

In this study, the seismic performance of a Low-rise Pilotis Building with Central Core is investigated. Low-rise Pilotis Buildings are very popular in Korea, but regarded as very weak structure to earthquake.

In analyzing the effect of the central place improvement projects, this study classifies subject residents into two groups of the residents of the project target regions and those of surrounding villages, and conducts verification. As a result of analysis, Variety of cultural programs is the only factor that positively affects the satisfaction level of the residents of the project target region, and it has been analyzed at the significance level of 10% that a one-unit increase in securing rest areas lowers the satisfaction level of the residents of surrounding villages. This shows that the effect of the central place improvement projects currently promoted is at a low level, and there is also a risk of conflict between the residents in the target region and those in surrounding villages. Although there is no statistical significance, analysis shows that a method to provide the residents in surrounding villages with the project-related information and to guarantee their participation in the project enhances the satisfaction level of the residents of surrounding villages. Therefore, institutional improvements reflecting this need to be made.

When an age of low growth and population decline, population migration plays an important role in spatial structure of region. There have been many researches on migration and regional spatial structure. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of Gwangju and Jeonnam region’s spatial structure and central area using social network analysis methods. For analysis it was used that population and migration data and passenger OD(Origin and Destination) travel data released by Statistics Korea and Korea Transport Database(KTDB). Using Gephi 0.8.2, migration and passenger OD networks were visualized, and this describe network flow and density. The results of the network centrality analysis show that the most populated village is not always network center though population mass is an important factor of central places. The average eigenvector centrality of 2010 migration is the lowest during 2005-2015, and it means few regions have high centralities. When comparing migration and travel networks, travel data is more effective than migration data in determining the central location considering spatial functions.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the differences in seismic performance between before and after reinforced by concrete filled steel tube (CFT) of low-rise central core type piloti building structures were compared.

Although some indicators for evaluating rural settlement conditions have been offered, these indicators could not reflect unique characteristics that rural has its own peculiarities. The rural area is identified with central districts functioned as service provision and hinterlands used its service. The aim of this study is to find a central district of rural villages and define range of its hinterlands using various physical characteristics of rural areas. Targeting areas are Yongsan and Hwanggan in Yeongdong-gun . The physical characteristics are represented by building density, number of shops among secondary and tertiary industries, official land price, and density of bus line. The rural central district is estimated by linear programming using defined the physical characteristics. Also its hinterlands used Huff model and social accessibility. The results of this study are as follows; (1) The physical characteristics in Hwanggan myeon is higher than Yongsan myeon because Hwanggan area has a large floating population for using Hwanggan station and ticket office; (2) The central district in Hwanggan has wider regional range than Yongsan. When central district estimate in rural areas, we suggest a grid diameter of Hexagon for controlling errors; (3) Considering accessibility, the life zone of 4 districts defined legally in Hwanggan use Yongsan and 2 legal districts in Hwanggan are possible to take advantage of Yongsan’s life zone; (4) The results of survey targeting boundary villages between Yongsan and Hwanggan, individual drivers use central districts both Yongsan and Hwanggan, however users by public transportation (especially bus) go more to Hwanggan because bus lines to Hwanggan have many routes than to Yongsan. Evaluating the rural settlement conditions by national unit through grasping central districts and its hinterlands, these results can use as base line data and the evidence for regional development projects.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the differences in seismic performance between before and after reinforced by concrete filled steel tube (CFT) of low-rise central core type piloti building structures were compared.

This study is a basic investigation of the contents and services relevant to the domestic vacation house business. In which, the trade scale, types of housing, and environmental conditions of various property locations were analyzed. The characteristics of properties listed on the Japanese website that conducts the greatest volume of vacation house trade in Japan were examined, and the following results were obtained: Villa areas, villas, and resort condos (resort mansions) are the three basic types of properties handled in the vacation house trade. In this market, sales per unit in villa areas and per spaces in resort condos accounted for the highest volume of trade, followed by that of villas (individual houses). In terms of land area, floor area, and sales price per house type, the relatively cheaper small and medium-sized vacation houses are more frequently traded, than expensive large-scale villas. In particular, small multi-family type villas (such as in resort condos) are the most popular. Land and floor area, and sales prices all show considerable variation depending on the type of property considered. Therefore, a business initiative to provide a more detailed classification of properties is required. In terms of the environment of vacation properties, most are located on coasts, plateaus, or inland mountains, and are generally within three-hours’ traveling distance of large cities.

This study aims to search for the change characteristics of landscape plant materials in the apartment complex and other areas by classification and species of trees in the early 2000s and the early 2010s. The main result of this study may be summarized as follows. Comparing the classification change of apartment complex and other areas in the 2000s and the 2010s, the percentage of shrubs in both of the areas are increasing, while the rate of increase in the apartment complexes was slightly higher than other areas. Among the increased shrubs, deciduous shrubs in apartment complex increased by 4.98%, while evergreen shrubs showed rather noticeable increase rate by 10.75% in other areas. After examining the change of tree species within the two periods, evergreen trees in the apartment complex are still mainly consisted of Thuja orientalis L. category, Pinus category and Pinus strobus L. Most commonly used deciduous trees are Acer category and Fruit trees. Most commonly used evergreen shrubs are Buxus koreana and Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet. Most constantly used deciduous shrubs are Rhododendron schlippenbachii category. In other areas, Pinus category and Pinus koraiensis SIEB. et ZUCC. category are frequently used. In deciduous trees, Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton, Acer palmatum Thunb and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino are commonly used, in order of frequency. 67.62% of evergreen shrubs are still consisted of Buxus koreana and Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet, although many new species are emerging. In deciduous shrubs, Rhododendron schlippenbachii category and Spiraea category are consistently most commonly used. In the two areas, the number of tree species with high defect rate, standardized forms, and high-maintenance decreased, while semievergreen tree species such as Abelia grandiflora (Rovelli ex Andre) Rehder and Nandina domestica Thunb. are being newly introduced. The species of trees are being diversified.

실체현미경과 전계방출형 주사전자현미경 관찰, 에너지분산형 분광분석기를 이용한 화학 분석을 통하여 황해중앙이질대에서 채취된 46개의 표층 퇴적물 시료 내에 포함되어 있는 중광물의 종류, 함량, 광물 특성 및 분포를 연구하였으며, 이 결과를 바탕으로 조립질 퇴적물의 기원지를 유추하였다. 황해중앙이질대 표층 퇴적물 내에 존재하는 중광물들은 녹렴석군 광물, 각섬석군 광물, 석류석군 광물, 저어콘, 금홍석, 스핀 순으로 산출하는데, 특히 녹렴석군 광물과 각섬석군 광물의 비율이 50% 이상으로 매우 높다. 녹렴석군 광물은 녹렴석, 각섬석군 광물은 에데나이트, 석류석군 광물은 알만딘이 대부분인 것으로 판단된다. 황해중앙이질대를 124°E 기준으로 구분할 경우, 동부지역이 서부지역에 비해 녹렴석 및 풍화에 강한 (저어콘 + 금홍석)의 함량은 높고, 풍화에 약한 각섬석의 함량은 낮게 나 타난다. 이는 서부지역의 퇴적물은 기원지에 가까운 곳에, 동부지역의 퇴적물은 기원지로부터 먼 곳에 퇴적되었을 것임을 시사해준다. 추후 황해로 유입되는 강 퇴적물과 해양 퇴적물에 대한 추가적인 중광물 연구가 진행되어야만 정확한 기원지와 퇴적과정에 대한 해석을 할 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm of the guidance line extraction for autonomous agricultural robot based on vision camera in paddy field. It is the important process for guidance line extraction which finds the central point or area of rice row. We are trying to use the central region data of crop that the direction of rice leaves have convergence to central area of rice row in order to improve accuracy of the guidance line. The guidance line is extracted from the intersection points of extended virtual lines using the modified robust regression. The extended virtual lines are represented as the extended line from each segmented straight line created on the edges of the rice plants in the image using the Hough transform. We also have verified an accuracy of the proposed algorithm by experiments in the real wet paddy.

Two mini neutron monitors are installed at Concordia research station (Dome C, Central Antarctica, 75°06'S, 123°23'E, 3,233 m.a.s.l.). The site has unique properties ideal for cosmic ray measurements, especially for the detection of solar energetic particles: very low cutoff rigidity < 0.01 GV, high elevation and poleward asymptotic acceptance cones pointing to geographical latitudes > 75°S. The instruments consist of a standard neutron monitor and a "bare" (lead-free) neutron monitor. The instrument operation started in mid-January 2015. The barometric correction coefficients were computed for the period from 1 February to 31 July 2015. Several interesting events, including two notable Forbush decreases on 17 March 2015 and 22 June 2015, and a solar particle event of 29 October 2015 were registered. The data sets are available at cosmicrays.oulu.fi and nmdb.eu.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years. Garlic cultivars are completely sterile and propagated through vegetative method. Collection of a large number of fertile accessions of these genus is needed to explore genetic variability. In order to investigate genetic variation among Allium species and its possibilities for direct cultivation in Korea, we characterized 12 accessions of A. longicuspis, flowering wild garlic which had collected from Central Asia, the main center of garlic diversity. Most of A. longicuspis accessions showed higher over-wintering and bolting rate, longer scape length and more number of bulbils than Korean landraces cultivar, Danyang and Euiseong, but A. longicuspis accessions exhibited smaller size of bulbs and bulbils. Most accessions of A. longicuspis had more number of cloves per bulb, except K229596 and K248824 than Korean landraces. All the accessions of A. longicuspis from Central Asia had complete bolters having many flowers and topsets in umbel. Further studies of A. longicuspis should focus on securing true seeds through removal of topsets and crosses among accessions to create the genetic variability.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relations of eating behaviors to body mass index (BMI) and obesity in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty. This study included 30 precocious puberty patients who were diagnosed at Chosun University Hospital between February and December 2013. Information was obtained from their parents using a questionnaire focused on eating behaviors and lifestyle factors. We rechecked their BMI and questionnaire after 12 months to identify the changes. Six (20%) of the 30 patients children were overweight and obesity at diagnosis. Overweight and obesity group tended to overeat. Normal weight group ate an unbalanced diet more than overweight and obesity group, particularly lack of fruit and vegetable (p=0.010). Eight (27%) of the 30 patients children were overweight and obesity and 24 (80%) of the 30 patients children showed increased BMI after 12 months follow up. BMI-decreased group ate breakfast with whole family members more frequent than BMI-increased group (p=0.006). This study showed the importance of healthy diet during treatment of precocious puberty. Children with precocious puberty should avoid overeating and make a balanced diet with preferable eating behaviors from the family meals.