Many studies have suggested that e-commerce value creation potential depends on four interdependent factors Lock-In, Complementarity, Efficiency, and Novelty. In order to survive in the recent fierce competition, companies have also secured e-Trust that strengthens long-term business relationships by reducing consumer uncertainty. This study, while analyzing the value creation factors (Lock-in, Complementarity, Efficiency, Novelty, e-Trust) of recent e-commerce (online shopping mall) companies from the point of view of purchase intention, customer value (Functional value, Emotional value, Social value) We present an academic proposition that can also examine the mediating effect of value). First, through previous studies on value-based strategy and value creation in e-commerce, various discussions on the theoretical background necessary for effective value-based strategy establishment and strategy execution of e-commerce (online shopping mall) companies were reviewed. Second, it provides academic discussion and practical implications by presenting academic propositions on the value creation factors of e-commerce (online shopping mall) companies, purchase intentions, and customer value, and confirming the basis through empirical analysis.

Online consumer activities have increased considerably since the COVID-19 outbreak. For the products and services which have an impact on everyday life, online reviews and recommendations can play a significant role in consumer decision-making processes. Thus, to better serve their customers, online firms are required to build online-centric marketing strategies. Especially, it is essential to define core value of customers based on the online customer reviews and to propose these values to their customers. This study discovers specific perceived values of customers in regard to a certain product and service, using online customer reviews and proposes a customer value proposition methodology which enables online firms to develop more effective marketing strategies. In order to discover customers value, the methodology employs a text-mining technology, which combines a sentiment analysis and topic modeling. By the methodology, customer emotions and value factors can be more clearly defined. It is expected that online firms can better identify value elements of their respective customers, provide appropriate value propositions, and thus gain sustainable competitive advantage.

Korean firms have been vigorously searching and exploring overseas market opportunities through export and overseas investment. As of end of 2019, there were more than 80,000 Korean overseas subsidiaries all over the world. With Korean overseas direct investment increasing recently, it became one of the important issues for overseas investors to be successful in the global market. There are a lot of studies on factors influencing the performance of overseas subsidiaries such as ‘firm’ and ‘country’ factors. This study empirically examines subsidiary performance determinants with ‘industry architectures’ by using a sample of 292 overseas Korean firm subsidiaries. Industry architectures are the stable but evolving sets of rules and roles through which labor is divided within a sector. This article considers how industry architectures shape success in international expansion. Industry architectures differ between countries, are not necessarily technologically determined, shape firms’ capabilities and their competitive environment, and constitute a distinct level of analysis. We extract antecedents of related theory and empirically test its impact with a survey of Korean firms expanding in emerging economies. We would say this is the first study which tries to focus on industry architectures with the performance of Korean overseas subsidiaries. We find that separability and similarity of industry architectures across countries and localization of subsidiaries are robust and important predictors of success in international expansion. Our results suggest that industry architectures should be added to firm and country as an intermediate level of analysis that helps explain success in international expansion. While we established a pattern, much more remains to be done. We focus on the success of foreign operations, but we do not consider the broader benefits of going abroad, such as the learning or network effects that accrue at the level of the entire firm. The next obvious question is whether the results would differ in the developed market context. These we leave for future research to consider.

As the technological gap amongst manufacturers decreases, the life cycle of products has shortened, and competition accelerates due to the development of technology, incumbent manufacturing companies face growth limitations. In order to overcome such business issues, manufacturing companies are increasingly interested in changes in business models and innovations, especially in the direction of providing services where they can maintain the competitive advantage of their products. In such context, this empirical study examines managerial leadership, differentiation strategies, and products and services pricing as ‘servitization factors’, which can be driving forces for moving into a new era of growth for Korean SMEs, focusing on the mediating effects of servitization competency. The results are as follows : First, it was confirmed that executive leadership, differentiation strategy, and information & communication technology capability have a direct effect on service sales. Second, the process competency, partnership competency, and ICT competency, which are presented as the service competence of SMEs, were found to play an important role in inducing service sales in managerial leadership, differentiation strategy, product and services pricing. It also emphasized the role of the public policy such as helping to foster SMEs as key partners in the expansion of social facilities and establishing platforms through ICT and data utilization for the convergence of manufacturing services.

As the technological gap amongst manufacturers decreases, the life cycle of products has shortened, and competition accelerates due to the development of technology, incumbent manufacturing companies face growth limitations. In order to overcome such business issues, manufacturing companies are increasingly interested in changes in business models and innovations, especially in the direction of providing services where they can maintain the competitive advantage of their products. In such context, this empirical study examines managerial leadership, differentiation strategies, and products and services pricing as 'servitization factors', which can be driving forces for moving into a new era of growth for Korean SMEs, focusing on the mediating effects of servitization competency. The results are as follows: First, it was confirmed that executive leadership, differentiation strategy, and information & communication technology capability have a direct effect on service sales. Second, the process competency, partnership competency, and ICT competency, which are presented as the service competence of SMEs, were found to play an important role in inducing service sales in managerial leadership, differentiation strategy, product and services pricing. It also emphasized the role of the public policy such as helping to foster SMEs as key partners in the expansion of social facilities and establishing platforms through ICT and data utilization for the convergence of manufacturing services.

Korea’s five leading industries-chemical, automobile, shipbuilding, metal and electronics-have been the growth engines of the Korean economy for the last 30 years. However, with their performance weakening in the past few years, Korea’s annual growth rate has dropped to less than 2%. Just as the Japanese economy struggled through the lost decades, Korea’s leading industries have been facing signals of arriving at a Strategic Inflection Point (“SIP”) since the mid-2000s. The objective of this study is to present an appropriate value strategy for Korean firms in leading industries to gain sustainable competitive advantages. This paper examines the following issues : First, it diagnoses the signs and timing of SIP for the five leading industries. Second, this study examines 78 Korean and Japanese firms in order to understand the adaptation strategies of the highest and lowest performing firms from a value strategy point of view. Third, it empirically analyzes the correlation between the indicators of value strategy and the accounting performances of the Korean and Japanese firms. The data set used in the cluster analysis were collected from KISLINE database of NICE Information Service and annual reports. The findings in the case analyses of high and low performing companies show that high value-added specialty chemical materials and electronic component manufacturers that had a strong focus on value creation were defined as high performing companies. And in the cosmetic and automobile industries, companies with a strong emphasis on value appropriation gained high performance. Furthermore, the study conducted a cluster analysis based on two indicators R&D and advertisement expense. The analysis shows that a significant gap exists in the operating incomes among three groups classified under the value strategy. The study recommends that Korean firms are requested to increase R&D expenditure, conduct M&A and collaborate with companies that own source technologies to narrow the technology gap and improve their segment portfolio from commodity to value-added products.

White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by rough thickening, fissure formation, and a whitish colour change in the oral mucosa. This disorder predominantly affects the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the mucosa. We experienced a familial case of WSN (i.e., a mother and her two daughters) and performed keratin gene analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The results of a mutation analysis revealed the presence of a heterozygous missense mutation 344T to G in KRT13, predicting an amino acid change leucine (L) to arginine (R), in the 1A domain of the KRT13 polypeptide. Immunohistochemically, the loss of keratin 4 expression was found.

Korean small and medium sized software companies have tried to export their solutions or services to overseas markets. In 2016, exports of the software industry increased by 6.0% from the previous year, and the value added of the industry was 2.2 times higher than that of the manufacturing industry. From a long-term perspective, it is important to secure a global competitive advantage in order to sustain the export high value-added of the software industry. The obstacles to entry into the overseas market of small to medium enterprises are as follows: first, difficulty in product development and localization of marketing; second, lack of investment for overseas expansion; and finally, competitiveness of software technology. In particular, To overcome such obstacles, Korean small and medium sized software companies should increase the technical perfection and secure software export competitiveness. The paper presents a payment settlement framework enabling adaptive reuse and semiautomatic development of global payment settlement services. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation results are presented with domestic and overseas case studies as follows: Firstly, semi-automatic development is realized successfully by applying the framework. Secondly, it is possible to maintain consistent quality of software and to deliver maintenance services without relying on the internal human resources. Thirdly, it is possible to reduce the project duration of the same development cope to less than 50% by applying the framework. Finally, because it is based on BPMN 2.0, which is a high level design diagram, it is expected that it will be easy to implement through components connection and reduce difficulties in technology transfer and localization. Also, at the time of runtime operation, it will be effective to understand the design idea easily and to carry out additional developments without human resource who participated in the initial project.

Companies must capture value for sustainable growth. Capturing value is a critical task for companies, particularly when operating own businesses and organizations or starting new business. The business strategy of many companies focuses on capturing the maximum value from customers and other stakeholders. Even though a wide range of studies on value creation and appropriation has been conducted in the strategic management field, most of studies are still conceptual and theoretical. Thus more empirical studies are required to suggest future-oriented value strategy. This study reveals the value creation and appropriation elements in the aviation industry of Korea. The purpose of this study is to understand the trend of value creation and appropriation in the industry. In addition, the relationship between the elements and firm’s performance are tested. The firm’s performance is defined by that past and future point of views. The sample were collected from Korean Air and Asiana Air. The empirical test shows that the elements of value creation-appropriation have significant impact on firm’s performance. Further, the element of value appropriation to customer has a positive impact both on firm’s past and future performance. Our results show that investors acknowledge a value-based strategy as a sign of stock valuation. The results of this test correspond with the earlier one, showing that maximizing customers value rather than shareholder value does deliver impressive returns. The finding suggest that companies need to change their strategy to efficiently manage performance. With the test results, we propose a value-based strategy to maximize firm’s future financial and stock performance.

기업이 지속적으로 성장하기 위해서는 반드시 가치를 확보해야 한다. 많은 기업들의 전략은 고객으로부터 가치를 최대한 확보하고 전유하는 것에 초점이 맞춰져 있다. 이에 따라 가치에 대한 연구는 학계와 산업계에서 활발하게 진행되고 있으나 대부분의 경우 지나치게 개념적이거나 이론적인 경우가 많아 실증적인 연구로 이어지는 것에는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 VCA(value creation and appropriation)model을 이용해 국내외 항공 산업에서 발생하는 가치창조와 전유 동향을 분석하였다. VCA모델을 통해 가치를 창조하기 위해 투입된 자본과 노동력을 바탕으로 기업이 실제로 창출한 가치의 양을 계산할 수 있으며 또한 창조된 가치가 기업의 이해관계 자(임직원, 고객, 공급업체 자본투자자 등)들에게 어떻게 배분(distribution)되는지 파악할 수 있다. 한국, 일본, 중국 및 동남아시아 국가의 주요 항공사의 재무제표 등 접근 가능한 데이터를 활용해 분석을 수행했으며 2000년부터 2015년까지의 총 15개년의 데이터를 수집했다. 분석 결과 각 국가, 기업 규모, 연도별로 가치의 창조와 전유에는 일정한 패턴과 유형이 존재하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 최종적으로는 가치창조와 전유의 유형별로 주요 이슈를 도출하고 이에 대응하기 위한 시사점을 제시하였다.

There are many case reports about cysts within the bones of the jaws associated with impacted third molars. When osmotic pressure is introduced into a cyst, the cyst expands and displaces the third molar. If continuity of cyst wall is lost, cystic expansion cannot occur, and the cyst cannot displace the third molar. This study analyzed four cases of pathologic migration of the third molar in ruptured cystic lesions that had formed bone tunnels and intraoral fistulas to identify the causes and factors contributing to this migration. Authors hypothesized that closure of fistulas repeated generation of pressure, it may temporarily increase the osmotic pressure within a cyst that has lost its continuity, causing displacement of the third molar. A cyst that has lost its continuity due to fistula formation within the oral cavity can cause ectopic displacement of the adjacent impacted teeth.

Korea’s main manufacturing industries, which have led its economy for the past three decades, are faced with a serious downturn and loss of competitive advantages due to the current economic depression, China’s rise, and the drop of oil prices. Korean business firms must adopt the paradigm shift in their value strategies, along with a government-led industrial restructuring in order to gain sustainable competitive advantages. Business firms allocate their limited resources between value creation and value appropriation, however, what effect does strategic emphasis on value creation versus value appropriation have on a business firm's financial performance? This paper empirically addresses this issue by examining the effect of shifts in strategic emphasis on stock return. Furthermore, this study examines appropriate choices of strategic emphasis to gain differential financial performance. The data set used in this regression analysis comes from the KISLINE database of NICE Information Service. The variables that form the basis of this analysis are stock return, ROA, and Strategic Emphasis [(advertising expenditures-R&D expenditures)/assets]. The interactive effect with situational factors regarding the firm and the type of technological environment in which the firm is operating was also analyzed. Our results show that investors acknowledge a shift of strategic emphasis as a sign of stock valuation. In comparison to US, Korean business firms have weak value creation capabilities in high-technology industries, and weak value appropriation capabilities in low-technology industries. This proves Korean firms are fast followers in the global market. Our findings suggest that Korean firms have to adopt a balanced value strategy, nurturing value creation and developing value appropriation for overcoming the current economic downturn and becoming a first mover in the dawn of “Industry 4.0.”

목 적: Ⅱ-Ⅲ2-Ⅵ4형 반도체 가운데 고용체 화합물에 대한 연구의 하나로 Ⅵ족인 S, Se를 상호 교환하여 성장시킨 ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 고용체의 구조 및 광 발광 메카니즘을 규명하였고, 이로부터 광학적 energy band gap의 온도의존성과 기초적 열역학 함수를 추정고자 한다. 방 법: ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 단결정은 수송매체로서 iodine을 이용한 화학수송법(CTR)으로 단결정을 성장시켰 다. 단결정을 성장시키기 위하여 시료 출발측을 950 ℃, 성장측을 850 ℃로 하여 7일간 성장시켰다. 기초 흡 수단 부근에서 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성을 구하기 위하여 저온장치가 부착된 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer를 사용하여 광흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 광발광 특성은 광흡수 특성 측정에 사용하 였던 측정용 시편을 cryogenic system 의 cold finger 에 부착시키고, 여기 광원으로 325 ㎚의 He-Cd laser 를 사용하였으며, double-grating monochromator, data-mate control system, cryogenic system, PM tube 등으로 구성된 측정 system을 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과 및 고찰: ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 단결정의 에너지 띠 간격과 온도의존성을 구하기 위하여 이들 단결정의 기 초 흡수단 영역인 320 ～ 420㎚ 파장영역과 13K ～ 289K 온도영역에서 광흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. Varshni가 제안한 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성 특성에 대한 실험식에 잘 일치하였다. 측정된 energy gap(Eg)으로부터 열역학적 함수 물리량을 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 13K에서 측정한 광발광 스펙트럼에서 보 면 427㎚(2.904 )영역에서 비교적 넓고 세기가 강한 청색 발광 피크와 468㎚(2.648 )영역에서 세기가 약한 청색 발광 피크를 관측할 수 있었다. 결 론: ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 단결정의 결정구조는 defect chacopyrite 구조였으며, 격자 상수는 a= 5.5563Å, c= 10.8324Å이었다. 또한 찌그러짐 인자값은 0.0504 이었다. 광학적 에너지 띠 간격의 온도 의존성을 규명하 였고, 이 때 Eg(0)=3.538(eV), α=2.02×10-3(eV/K), β=502.19(K)로 주어졌다. Energy band gap의 온도의 존성으로부터 entropy(SCV), heat capacity(CCV), enthalpy(HCV) 값을 추정 할 수 있었다. ZnAl2Se3.6S0.4 결 정의 광발광 특성은 비교적 넓고 세기가 강한 청색 발광 피크와 세기가 약한 청색 발광 피크를 관측할 수 있었 다. 이들 발광 전이기구는 두개의 주개 준위(SD1, DD1)와 한 개의 받개 준위(DA1)사이의 재결합에 의한 발광 메카니즘으로 설명된다.

목 적: 화학수송법으로 성장시킨 Ga2Se3 및 Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정의 광학적 에너지 띠 간격 energy band gap의 온도의존성을 규명하고, 이로부터 기초적 열역학 함수를 추정고자 한다. 방 법: gallium(99.9999 %, 2 mol), selenium(99.9999 %, 3 mol), cobalt(99.99 %, 0.1 mol %) 그리고 수송물질로 iodine(99.99 %, 6 mg/cm3)을 함께 석영관에 넣고 내부를 5×10-6 torr로 유지하면서 봉입하여 성장용 ampoule을 만들었다. 성장용 ampoule을 2단 전기로의 중앙에 위치시키고, 결정 성장측의 잔류불순 물을 깨끗이 제거한 후, 시료 출발측을 890 ℃, 성장측을 780 ℃로 6일간 유지하여 단결정을 성장시켰다. 기초 흡수단 부근에서 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성을 구하기 위하여 저온장치(Air Products, SH-4)가 부 착된 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer(Hitachi, U-3501)를 사용하여 광흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 결과 및 고찰: Ga2Se3 및 Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정들의 광흡수 스펙트럼은 순수한 Ga2Se3 단결정의 경우 570 nm영역에서, Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정의 경우 594 nm영역에서 광흡수가 급격히 증가하여 cobalt를 첨가한 단 결정의 기초 흡수단이 장파장 측으로 이동됨을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성은 Varshni 가 제안한 실험식으로부터 구하였다. 결 론: 성장된 단결정의 구조는 cubic구조이었고, 이들의 격자상수 값은 Ga2Se3 및 Ga2Se3 : Co2+ 단결정 들에 대하여 각각 a = 5.442 Å, a = 5.672 Å이었다. 광흡수 스펙트럼으로부터 구한 optical energy band gap(Eg)의 band구조는 직접 전이형이었고, 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성은 Varshni방정식이 잘 적용되었 다. 이때 구한 상수 값은 Ga2Se3 단결정의 경우 Eg(0) = 2.177 eV, α= 7.8×10-4eV/K, β= 378 K로 주어 지고, Ga2Se3 : Co2+단결정의 경우 Eg(0) = 2.089 eV, α= 1.20×10-3 eV/K, β= 349 K로 주어졌다. 이들 값 으로부터 구한 에너지 띠 간격의 온도의존성으로부터 열역학 함수인 entropy(SCV), heat capacity(CCV), enthalpy(HCV) 값을 추정할 수 있었다.

목 적: Iodine을 수송매체로 사용한 화학수송법으로 성장시킨 CdS, CdS : Co2+ 및 CdS : Er3+단결정의 광학적 특성연구를 하였다. 방 법: CdS, CdS : Co 및 CdS : Er 단결정을 성장시키기 위하여 고순도(99.9999 %)의 cadmium, sulfur 를 mole비로 칭량하고 수송물질로 iodine(순도 99.99%)을 함께 준비된 석영관 안에 넣고, 석영관 내부의 진 공을 5×10-6torr로 유지하면서 봉입하여 성장용 ampoule을 만들었다. 단결정을 성장시키기 위하여 시료 출발 측을 900 ℃, 성장 측을 700 ℃로 하여 7일간 성장시켰다. 성장된 단결정에서 iodine 을 제거하기 위하여 출발 측의 전원을 차단하고 성장 측의 온도를 250℃에서 10 시간동안 유지하여 전원을 끊고 실온까지 서냉하여, CdS, CdS : Co 및 CdS : Er단결정을 성장시켰다. 성장된 단결정의 결정구조는 X-ray diffractometer를 사용하여 X선 회절선을 측정하였고, 광흡수 특성은 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer 로 측정하였다. 결과 및 고찰: XRD로 측정한 X선 회절무늬 peak 해석으로부터 구한 CdS 및 CdS : Co2+(2mole%) 단결정의 결정구조는 defect chalcopyrite 구조이었으며 CdS : Er3+(2mole%) 단결정은 hexagonal 구조였다. 에너지 띠 간격은 직접 전이형 밴드구조를 나타냈다. 결 론: 성장된 CdS 및 CdS : Co2+(2mole%) 단결정의 결정구조는 defect chalcopyrite 구조이었으며, 격자 상수는 CdS 단결정의 경우 a = 4.139Å, c = 6.716Å이였고, 불순물로 cobalt를 첨가한 CdS : Co2+(2mole%) 단결정의 경우 a = 4.141Å, c = 6.720Å이였으며, 또한 erbium을 첨가한 CdS : Er3+(2mole%) 단결정의 구조 는 hexagonal 구조이었으며, 격자상수는 a = 4.135Å, b = 4.135Å, c = 6.706Å이었다. 298K에서 순수한 CdS 단결정의 에너지 띠 간격은 2.422e V이었고, 불순물로 전이금속인 cobalt(2mole%) 첨가할 때 에너지 띠 간격은 2.331e V, 또한 희토류금속인 erbium(2mole%) 첨가한 경우 에너지 띠 간격은 2.230e V 이었다.

도로시설물은 건설 시 많은 건설 자재와 건설 장비를 사용함에 따라 시공단계 탄소배출이 높고, 지속적 인 기능 유지를 위한 유지보수 활동에 의한 탄소배출이 동반되기 때문에 도로시설물의 life cycle별 탄소 배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고 관리하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 하지만 도로 life cycle 단계별 탄소배출량 의 정량적 산정은 각 단계마다 탄소배출원에 대한 활동자료의 수집, 배출계수의 선택, 활동자료의 신뢰성 검증 등의 복잡한 일련의 과정으로 인해 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고 관리 시 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 국토교통부의 시설물별 탄소배출량 산정 가이드라인에 따르면 도로에서의 탄소배출량은 수집된 활 동자료로부터 계산된 탄소배출원의 양과 탄소배출계수의 곱으로 정량적으로 산정할 수 있으며, 이러한 매 커니즘을 할용해 실제로 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고 관리하기 위한 탄소관리시스템 개발에 대한 연구를 탄소중립형 도로 기술개발 연구단에서 진행중이다. 도로는 계획 및 설계 주체, 시공 주체, 운영주 체가 다르기 때문에 각 주체마다 필요로 하는 탄소배출 결과가 다르며, 활용하고자 하는 용도 역시 다르 기 때문에 탄소관리시스템 개발 시 이를 고려한 탄소배출량 관리시스템 내 컨텐츠를 구성할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 표준화된 탄소배출량 산정 방법을 이용해 도로의 시공, 운영, 유지보수의 life cycle 단계별 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고, 이를 활용해 새로운 녹색기술(탄소저감기술)을 해당 도 로에 적용 시 탄소저감가능량을 산정할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다.

The established supply chain format has been radically changing from a three-month production to a shortened lead-time in the fashion industry. The faster pace of fashion trends, changing consumer lifestyle, and consequent demands for newness have been mainly attributed to the rapid development of high-tech information systems and mass communication. In particular, global fast-fashion leaders have become more successful by producing not as was initially planned and forecasted, but with an agility subject to customer responses. Latest customer trends are captured quickly, and production and distribution is steered to meet the response. In order to further maximize benefits and efficiency in a sustainable manner, the fast-fashion industry is seeking a production optimization model under which product attributes are defined in a short period of time, and an optimal quantity of products by style is produced. This paper aims to provide an optimal production quantity which subsequently requires an optimal parts procurement from the perspective of the supplier. This is obtained in order to minimize the cost function by identifying cost factors through an economic analysis technique. In this study, we propose a model for optimal production and its parts procurement to maximize target sales and profits by taking inventory and pricing into account.