성 pheromone을 이용한 이화명나방의 교미교란효과를 구명하고저 합성 성 pheromone, (Z)-11-hexadecenal과 (Z)-13-octadecenal을 4,5 : 1로 공시하여 본 시험을 야외에서 수행한 결과 1화기에는 30a당 합성성 pheromone 29.3g 처리한 구에서 의 교미교란효과가 인정되었고 2화기에는 당 합성 성 pheromone 33mg 처리까지도 교란효과가 있었다.

흰불나방의 성간성유인, Trap형의 개발, 일영에 따른 성유인의 변화, 교미후 성유인력의 감퇴 및 유인시각들에 관한 실험을 행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 암놈에 대해서 숫놈은 유인되나 숫놈에 대하여 암놈은 유인되지 않았다. 2. Trap A형(직경 10cm, 높이 11.5cm원통형분유통 양쪽에 직경 4.8cm의 둥근 구멍을 만들고 통내부에 토양점차제를 바른것) 이 가장 유인효과가 좋았다. 3. 암놈의 성유인력은 우화후 4일까지 계속되나 1-2일에 가장 유인력이 컸으며 일영이 진행됨에 따라 유인력이 감소하였다. 우화후 2일까지 전체 유인율은 이었다. 4. 교미후 암놈의 성유인력은 급격히 감소하는데 그 유인율은 미교미한 암놈 에 대하여 교미한 것은 에 불과하였다. 5, 흰불나방의 성유인은 오전 3-7시에 일어나는데 유인최성시각은 오전 4-6시로서 약 가 이 시각에 유인되었다.

황무지 전체를 관통하는 주제 ‘불모지가 되어버린 현대문명’의 저 변에는 남녀문제가 있다. 특히, 황무지의 2부 ｢체스게임｣에는 결혼한 부부간의 남녀문제가 깊이 있게 조명되고 있다. 체스게임을 하듯, 남자 와 여자는 각각 자신의 이익에만 몰두하고 상대방을 사랑하거나 이해하 려 하지 않고, 오히려 맞서 싸워 패퇴시켜야 할 적으로 간주한다. 클레 오파트라, 테레우스, 릴 부부를 포함한 ｢체스게임｣의 모든 캐릭터는 상 대방을 정치적으로 궁지에 몰아넣거나, 처제를 강간하거나, 아내를 착취 하며, 상대방에게 치명적인 타격을 입힌다. 자신의 요구나 욕망에 더 이 상 소용이 없어지면 상대방을 버리거나 배신하는 일에 주저하지 않는 다. 엘리엇이 현대문명에 대한 구원을 확신했는지는 분명하지 않으나, 황무지에는 재생의 모티프와 구원의 실험적 방법이 발견된다. 전자는 주로 물과 연결되며 후자는 윤리적 가치로서 제시되고 있다. 황무지에 서 물은 오필리아와 플레바스의 경우처럼 재생을 상징할 뿐만 아니라 히아신스 정원 장면에서와 같이 남녀를 온전하게 연결하는 매개체이기 도 하다. 남녀 화합의 문제는 형이상학적 차원의 우주 질서회복과 연결 되어 있다. 이것은 우주가 음양의 조화로 운용된다는 동양철학의 사상 을 연상시킨다. ｢체스게임｣에 등장하는 인물들은 이 초월적 섭리가 현 상적 세계의 이면에서 작용한다는 사실을 깨닫지 못하고 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 유아교사의 성역할 정체감 유형에 따른 교사효능감과 행복감에 어떠한 차이를 나타내는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 서울특별시, 인천광역시, 경기지역의 유치원과 어린이집에서 근무하고 있는 유아교사 372명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구로는 한국형 성역할검사, 교사효능감 검사도구, 행복감 척도를 사용하였고, 수집된 연구자료는 SPSS 22.0 프로그램의 기술통계, 일원배치 분산분석(one way ANOVA)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 유아교사의 성역할 정체감 유형에 따라 교사효능감과 행복감의 수준에 차이가 있는를 살펴본 결과, 유아교사의 교사효능감 수준은 성역할 정체감 유형에 따라 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며 양성성 유형의 성역할 정체감을 가진 유아교사가 남성성유형이나 미분화 유형에 속하는 교사보다 교사효능감이 높았다. 또한, 유아교사의 행복감 수준도 마찬가지로 양성성 유형에 속하는 유아교사가 다른 성역할 정체감 유형의 유아교사보다 행복감이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to examine fluctuating asymmetry of eye diameter, maxilla length, operculum length, and the number of pectoral fin ray and pelvic fin ray between ploidy and sex in diploid and triploid marine medaka, Oryzias dancena. In all experimental groups, eye diameter and maxilla length showed no significant difference between left side and right side (p>0.05). Results of operculum length in triploid male group and pectoral fin ray's number in diploid male group showed similarity ones with results of operculum length in triploid female group and pectoral fin ray’s number in diploid female group (p<0.05). However, the operculum length in diploid male group and pectoral fin ray's number in triploid male group showed consinderable difference with those of operculum length in diploid female group and pectoral fin in triploid female group. Findings of pelvic fin ray's number in all groups were similar to those of pectoral fin ray’s number in all groups (p<0.01).

The efficacy of different control techniques against the large black chafer, Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in organic pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) orchards was evaluated. In this study, field trials were conducted in three locations in Korea—Naju, Hampyeong, and Boseong—to evaluate different techniques to suppress these beetles. Pheromone traps, bio-insecticides (Hongmengye and Melchungdaejang), and a combination of the two were applied as treatments. In Naju, Hampyeong, and Boseong, the highest number of adult H. parallela were caught in the control plots (n=45, n=39, and n=20, respectively), while the fewest were caught in the pheromone plus bio-insecticide plot (n=19) in Naju and in the combined treatment plot in Hampyeong (n=10). In Naju, the greatest leaf damage was observed in the control (66%), and in all locations (Naju, Boseong, and Hampyeong), the least damage occurred in the combined treatment plots (42%, 36%, and 24%, respectively). Regarding the tree canopy, the greatest leaf damage was observed in the upper canopy, and less damage was observed in the lower canopy. These results demonstrate that the combination of sex pheromone traps and bio-insecticides can be used to manage H. parallela in organic pear orchards.

To characterize the female or male transcriptome of the Pacific abalone and further increase genomic resources, we sequenced the mRNA of full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries derived from pooled tissues of female and male Haliotis discus hannai by employing the Iso-Seq protocol of the PacBio RSII platform. We successfully assembled whole full-length cDNA sequences and constructed a transcriptome database that included isoform information. After clustering, a total of 15,110 and 12,145 genes that coded for proteins were identified in female and male abalones, respectively. A total of 13,057 putative orthologs were retained from each transcriptome in abalones. Overall Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analyzed in each database showed a similar composition between sexes. In addition, a total of 519 and 391 isoforms were genome-widely identified with at least two isoforms from female and male transcriptome databases. We found that the number of isoforms and their alternatively spliced patterns are variable and sex-dependent. This information represents the first significant contribution to sex-preferential genomic resources of the Pacific abalone. The availability of whole female and male transcriptome database and their isoform information will be useful to improve our understanding of molecular responses and also for the analysis of population dynamics in the Pacific abalone.

This report describes the sex differentiation of the Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii, from hatching to 170 days post-hatch (DPH) in relation to total length (TL), body weight (BW), and integral water temperature (IWT). The growth curve of TL from just hatching to 83 DPH was 5.144e0.045t (R² = 0.961; t, time), and that of BW was 2.398e0.086t (R² = 0.725). Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed at 17 DPH (7.9 mm TL, 3.74 mg BW, 374°C IWT), and thereafter began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity. At 21 DPH (9.2±0.14 mm TL, 4.8±0.07 mg BW, 462°C IWT), some PGCs contained condensed chromatin and oocyte were observed in meiotic prophase. In contrast to the ovaries, which grew gradually after sexual differentiation, testes began multiplying at 25 DPH (10.1 mm TL, 5.42 mg BW, 550°C IWT), when testicular differentiation was first identified, and multiplied continuously thereafter. At 33 DPH (11.2 mm TL, 10.5 mg BW, 726°C IWT), the developing testes contained spermatogonia that exhibited mitotic activity. No spermatocyte or sperm cell was observed until 83 DPH (18.9 TL, 48.2 mg BW, 1,826°C IWT). At 170 DPH (32.5 mm TL, 270.1 mg BW, 3,740°C IWT), which was the end point of this study, the mature ovaries showed germinal vesicle breakdown, while the mature testes contained observable spermatocytes and sperm cells. These results allow us to identify the sex differentiation type of the Korean rose bitterling as differentiated gonochoristic.

The sex of bivalves is classified into gonochorism and hermaphroditism, and hermaphroditism is further divided into simultaneous, and sequential. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is the simultaneous release of eggs and sperm by one organism during the same season. Sequential hermaphrodites are either male or female for one or several annual cycles (Heller, 1993; Gosling 2004; Collin, 2013). T. granosa is a sequential hermaphroditic bivalve undergoing sex change (Lee et al., 2014). However, definitive conclusion on whether the scale and pattern of sex change of T. granosa is always consistent could not be made. Therefore, the objective of this study was to reconfirm sex change in T. granosa and consider the scale and pattern of sex change compared to the results of Lee et al. (2014). The total number of T. granosa used for sex change identification was 777 with a shell length (SL) between 25.1-35.0 (30.9±2.13) mm. For Tegillarca granosa, the scale of sex change during 2006-2007 was reported to be 15.1% (Lee et al., 2014). In this study, the overall scale of sex change in T. granosa was 37.6% during 2011-2012, which was approximately 2.5 times higher than that reported by Lee et al. (2014). In addition, the difference between the sex change ratio from females to males and that from males to females was 15.3% during the period of 2011-2012, which was similar to the finding of 15.0% during 2006-2007 (Lee et al., 2014). The sex change ratio of female→male : male→female was 1 : 3.42 during 2006-2007 reported by Lee et al. (2014). It was 1 : 1.57 during 2011-2012 in this study.

The gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonadal development and changes in hormones in plasma level of the indoor cultured grunt (Hapalogenys nitens) were investigated by histological study from August 2011 to October 2012. The GSI showed similar trends with gonad developmental stages during the culture periods. Changes in plasma level of estradiol-17β of female H. nitens reached the highest value before the spawning period, and seasonal changes in plasma level of estradiol-17β were similar in trends of oocyte developments and GSI changes. Testosterone levels of male H. nitens reached the highest value before and after the spent stage. Ovarian developmental stages of H. nitens could be classified into early growing stage, late growing stage, mature stage, ripe and spawning stage, recovery and resting stage. The testicular developmental stages could be divided into growing stage, mature stage, ripe and spent stage, and recovery and resting stage.

We previously reported that DNA hypermethylation of SRY promoter is associated with emergence of male-to-female sex reversal. The normality of offspring is achieved by relatively complete and correct nuclear reprogramming during somatic cell nuclear transfer and cloning process. The purpose of this study is to determine whether DNA demethylation of SRY promoter induced by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AzC) DNA methylation inhibitor may get back phenotypic XY sex reversal female to normal male in SCNT cloning. Canine femoral skin fibroblast cells were established from SCNT-cloned XY sex reversed female (GSF335). Using bisulfite genomic sequencing analysis, DNA methylation levels of SRY promoter in non-treated (normal) and 1uM AzC-treated cells were 88.4% and 55.3% in treatment for 4 days respectively. Seven SCNT-cloned puppies were cloned using the AzC-treated cells as donor cell. Six of those clones showed phenotypically normal male, through one puppy (GSF451) was only observed into male-to-female sex reversal with female genitalia. In umbilical cord tissue, DNA methylation levels on SRY promoter of GSF451 clone and the other clones were 79.2% and 5.7% to 62.2% respectively, which was approximately similar to those of non-treated (normal) and AzC-treated cells. Also, cloned puppies originated from AzC-treated cells implied significantly multiple body weight and height compared to age-matched SCNT-cloned control, which may be underlying in size-effect of AzC-treatment. Our findings suggest that DNA demethylated status of SRY promoter induced by AzC is likely to facilitate normal development including sex differentiation through epigenetic alteration of donor cells.