파밤나방은 배추과 채소 등 여러 농작물에 피해를 주고 있는 중요한 나방류 중의 하나이며, 돌발적으로 다발생한 경우 큰 피해를 주기도 한다. 제주지역에서 배추과 채소 주요 재배지역인 제주시 한림읍에 2007년부터 2011년까지 파밤나방 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 시기별 발생밀도를 조사하였다. 트랩에 최초 유인 시기는 4월 상순이었으나 3월 온도가 높은 해에는 3월 상순에 유인되기도 하였다. Karimi-Malati et al.(2014)의 발육온도 모델을 이용하여 제주지역에서의 연간 발생세대수를 추정한 결과 4∼5세대를 경과하는 것으로 추정되었다. 성페로몬 트랩의 발생 절정기별 다음 세대 성충 발생시기와 트랩 유인밀도와의 관련성을 2009년과 2010년 조사 자료에 대해 검토한 결과 연관성이 낮은 시기가 나타났다. 이 시기 NOAA의 HYSPLIT 모델(Rolph et al., 2017)을 이용하여 기류의 역방향과 순방향 궤적선을 추적한 결과 중국으로부터 장거리 이동이 가능할 것으로 추정되었다. 장거리 이동에 관여하는 기상요인과 비래원은 6∼7월에는 장마전선 등에 의한 중국의 남중부지역이, 8∼9월에는 중국의 북동부지역으로 나타났다.

To develop a empirical model for predicting the spring flight period of overwintering Ips acuminatus adult, their density were monitored in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests at Chuncheon in 2015. The monitoring data of the beetles and temperature in the forests were used to develop the empirical predictive model based on degree-day model, and it was validated using the data from Korean pine forest at Wonju in 2018. The lower threshold temperature for flight (LTF) and a thermal requirement for the onset of flight activity of the beetles in spring were estimated. As the result, the LTF was estimated as 1.3 ℃ and 269.96 DD was required for the spring flight. The median flight date estimated by the empirical model was one day earlier than the observed flight date. Therefore, the model is suitable for predicting the spring flight of overwintering I. acuminatus.

Ostrinia scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) overwinters as a final instar larva. In order to elucidate phenology of the insect, we studied several factors related to its overwintering. Neonate larvae from early August to early October entered overwintering through outdoor rearing. Pupation and adult emergence were observed during the periods from May to June, next year, and from May to July, respectively. Heat addition by 25oC to overwintering larvae induced shorter prepupal periods with progressing season. Supercooling points of overwintering larvae during the period from October to April were below -20oC, and those temperatures were significantly lower than those of a laboratory colony. It was estimated that higher content of glycerol in hemolymph is responsible for cold-hardiness as a cryoprotectant during overwintering.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is native in North America and an invasive alien species in East Asia and Europe. This plant causes economic losses such as reducing agricultural production and producing severe allergenic pollen. Recently, there was an effort to control this alien plant chemically and mechanically in South Korea, but they are neither sustainable nor environmentally-friendly control strategies. Epiblema sugii Kawabe 1976 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is known as a potential biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia. In order to control this species using a biological control method, we investigated overwintering structures and spatial distributions of E. sugii in A. artemisiifolia colony as an initial step.

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), produces final instar larvae of overwintering stage in response to decreasing day-length and temperature, and then those larvae pupate after about 6-8 month. In this study, we investigated a few properties related to cold hardiness during overwintering of the insect. Overwintering larvae collected in December could survive at least for 16 days at -20oC, while all larvae of a laboratory colony, which was reared at 25oC, 15L/9D, died within 2 hours. Supercooling points of overwintering larvae were below -20oC, and the temperatures were significantly lower than those (ca. -10oC) of the laboratory colony. It was estimated that higher content of hemolymph glycerol is responsible for cold-hardiness as a cryoprotectant during overwintering of O. furnacalis.

본 연구에서는 2017년 4월부터 12월까지 갈색날개매미충 알기생봉의 주요발생지인 구례, 순천을 포함한 총 5개의 지역에서 월동난괴를 채집하여 산란특성 및 월동률을 조사하였다. 야외에서 2차례(12월,4월) 채집해온 월동난괴를 실내조건(25 ± 1℃, 40~60% RH, 16L:8D)에 두고 월동률 및 치사율을 조사한 결과 순천과 구례가 각각 월동률 19.69%, 18.17%, 치사율 5.89%, 4.88%로 높은 수치를 보였다. 평균수명인 약 20일 동안의 산란 분포는 주로 우화 후 1~5일 사이에 전체산란 수 중 대부분을 차지하였고 우화 1일 후에 평균 산란 수 9.2개로 가장 높은 산란력을 나타냈다. 실내에서 하루 중(2시간 단위) 알기생봉의 산란은 주로 20:00-24:00에 분포하였으며 소등(24:00) 후 2:00부터 다시 산란하기 시작하였다.

Overwintering and succession of phytoplankton community with physicochemical and biological characteristics were investigated in pilot culture system. Water and phytoplankton samples were collected twice a week from February 23 to June 28, 2016. A total of 17 overwintering taxa including cyanophyceae, chlorophyceae, bacillariophyceae were identified in the experimental group in winter (February), and these overwintering species showed a marked succession pattern along with environment changes. In the process of phytoplankton succession, a total of 56 species in 28 genera were identified in two (experimental, control) pilot culture system. In the experimental group, 52 phytoplankton species in 24 genera were identified, and the number of taxa was highest in chlorophyceae (35 species), followed by Bacillariophyceae (9 species), Cyanophyceae (5 species) and others (3 species). In the control group, 25 phytoplankton species in 14 genera were classified and these taxa consisted of 17 chlorophyceae, 3 cyanophyceae, 2 Bacillariophyceae and 3 others. The standing crops ranged from 40 to 325,450 cells mL-1 in the experimental group, and from 900 to 37,100 cells mL-1 in the control group, respectively. The dominant species were represented by Monoraphidium minutum, Microcystis aeruginosa, Rhodomonas lacustris, Ankyra judai and Chlorella vulgaris in the experimental group; and M. minutum and Coenochloris cf. pyrenoidosa in the control group. In conclusion, overwintering and succession of predominant phytoplankton species developed due to interactions of internal environmental factors (physicochemical and biological factors) in the pilot culture system.

Riptortus pedestris is a major agricultural pest in Korea. To manage this pest, it is necessary to understand the complete life history of R. pedestris. However, most studies have focused on the summer period when the pest attacks crops. Therefore, we conducted laboratory and field experiment to identify overwintering behavior of adult R. pedestris. First, we conducted two laboratory experiments to examine overwintering habitat preferences and spatial distribution of R. pedestris in the habitat. Second, we conducted field survey to characterize overwintering sites of R. pedestris in diverse landscapes. In the laboratory conditions, R. pedestris almost exclusively showed overwintering behavior in the leaf litter arena (63%) among the structures tested (rocks: 3%; rotten wood: 0%). And spatial distribution of R. pedestris showed solitary behavior in leaf litters. In the field, we located 12 individuals of overwintering adults from the urban areas, whereas no individuals were found from the high-elevation mountains and agricultural landscapes. Our results suggest that R. pedestris mainly use leaf litter as an overwintering structure, with solitary behavior, and low-elevation forested areas near urban landscapes seem to be more preferred overwintering sites.

채집 시기에 따른 미국선녀벌레(Metcalfa pruinosa) 월동난 발육을 다양한 항온조건에서 조사하였다. 2012년의 경우 4월 13일 이전에 채집 된 월동난은 부화에 실패하였으나, 2013년 4월 11일 채집한 개체들이 일부 온도 조건에서 성공적으로 부화하였다. 온도에 따른 월동난의 발육 조 사 결과 12.5℃와 35℃를 제외한 모든 온도 조건에서 발육이 가능하였다. 2013년 4월 26일 채집하여 가온한 결과 15℃에서 49.6일로 발육기간 이 가장 길었고 30℃에서 13.3일로 가장 짧았다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 발육기간이 짧아지는 경향을 보였으나 32.5℃에서는 30℃에서 보다 발 육기간이 길어 고온에서 발육이 지연되는 현상을 보였다. 온도와 발육율과의 관계를 설명한 선형 모형을 이용하여 추정된 미국선녀벌레의 발육 영점온도는 10.1℃, 유효적산온도는 252.5DD였다. 온도 의존적인 발육율을 설명하기 위하여 사용된 선형 및 비선형 5개 모델 중 Lactin 2 모델 이 가장 높은 해석력을 보여주었다. 월동난 개체군의 발육 완료를 설명하기 위해 사용된 Two-parameter Weibull 함수는 발육기간을 기반으로 하였을 경우 결정계수 0.92로 높은 결정력을 보였다. 개발된 발육율, 발육완료 모델들을 이용하여 추정된 50% 누적 우화일과 실측된 우화일의 차 이를 보면 Poikilotherm rate 모델을 이용하여 추정한 결과가 세 지역 편차일의 평균이 1.7일로 상대적으로 다른 모델들 보다 가장 정확하게 50% 누적 부화일을 예측할 수 있었다.