The composition of fatty acid and amino acid for Seong-ge-al(sea urchin) were analysed by the automatic analyser. There are two kind of samples such as raw and saited, fermented one. The results obtained are as follows. 1. In the general composition, crude protein, crude lipid and ash as 15.8%, 3.5% and 2.2%, respectively. The raw sample showed pH 5.6 value. 2. In case of amino acid, it contained 17 different kind of amino acids. Among them, a lot of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, glycine and valine were contained. 3. In case of fermentation period, threonine, histidine, lysine and arginine were increased a little bit. 4. In case of fatty acid, it contained 13 different kind of fatty acids. Among them, a lot of palmitic acid, behnic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were contained.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the egg freshness and eggshell characteristics of old laying hens by adding sea urchin shell powder to the feed of such hens to achieve the objectives continuously pursued by environmental management, such as business profitability and waste resource utilization. A total of 90 Hy-Line Brown layers (66 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 2 treatments with 3 replicates, each of which consisted of 15 older layers, for 4 weeks. These treatments included a control (i.e., 0%) and 2% sea urchin shell powder. The 2% supplementation of sea urchin shell powder increased the Haugh unit (HU) at 2 and 4 weeks and eggshell strength at 4 wks compared to the controls (p<0.05). The HU at 0 weeks, eggshell thickness from 0 through 3 weeks, and eggshell strength at 0 and 2 weeks were not different between treatments (p>0.05). These results suggest that the addition of 2% sea urchin powder to the feed of laying hens improves egg freshness and eggshell strength in old laying hens.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sea urchin shell powder, used in broiler diet, on Esherichia coli and Salmonella in litter produced by the broilers. A total of 120 broiler chickens were fed 1 of 3 treatment diets (10 chickens per pen) in a randomized block design treatments with 4 replications. Sea urchin shell powder was used in the concentrations of 0.5% and 1% in the basal diets; the control diet was constituted of basal diet. During the 3-week feeding trials, none of the treatments significantly affected the E. coli populations in poultry litter at weeks 0 and 1, nor did they affect the and S. enterica populations at weeks 1 and 3. However, dietary sea urchin shell powder addition affected the population of E. coli at weeks 2 and 3, and that of S. entericaat weeks 0 and 2 (P<0.05). It is therefore concluded that the use of dietary sea urchin shell powder (0.5% and 1%) will be beneficial enough to reduce E. coli, rather than S. enterica in poultry litter over short-term periods.

We investigated the effects of sea urchin shell powder on 2 volatile fatty acids, acetic and butyric acid, in poultry litter. A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) were allocated to 2 treatments (basal diet and 1% sea urchin shell powder) with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. During the 4-week experimental period, significant differences in acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were observed between treatments (P < 0.05), except for acetic acid at 1 week. Additions of 1% sea urchin shell powder resulted in lower acetic and butyric acid concentrations compared to the litter of control birds. We conclude that the sea urchin shell powder used in this study might prove beneficial in reducing environmental pollution caused by poultry litter.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sea urchin shell powder on nitrogen characteristics in poultry litter by assigning ninety 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) to one of 3 treatments (control, 1% sea urchin shell powder, and 1% feed additives) in 3 replicates of 10 birds each. For all treatments, the overall dry matter contents were decreased (P < 0.05) as time increased, except for at 1 week. When compared with controls, the dietary sea urchin shell powder and feed additives for 0 and 3 weeks did influence their TN contents, but not for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The treatments with sea urchin shell powder and feed additives had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on NH3-N in poultry litter compared with controls. However, at 4 weeks, no marked differences were observed in NH3-N contents among treatments. Treatments with 1% sea urchin shell powder might enhance the value of poultry litter as N fertilizer

Ligand-bound nuclear receptors (NRs) recruit coactivators such as members of the p160 steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family and cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) to specific enhancer elements and activate target gene transcription. In the present study, we isolated a novel SRC from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus (SnSRC) by using the ligand-binding domain of retinoid X receptor as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screening. The SnSRC (1992 amino acids) interacted with several NRs, including sea urchin estrogen receptor-related receptor (ERR), human and masu salmon estrogen receptors (ERα), mouse ERRγ, rat glucocorticoid receptor α, and rat thyroid receptor β. Furthermore, preferential interacting domains for ERα in the SnSRC are located in the central LxxLL motifs, revealed by the truncation and mutagenesis studies. Interestingly transient knockdown of the SnSRC gene in the sea urchin embryo using morpoholino antisense RNA induced abnormal phenotypes at gastrulation stage such as the lack of primary invagitation and exogastrulation. Together, the present study identified a novel steroid receptor coactivator in an invertebrate species sea urchin and demonstrated its pivotal role in sea urchin embryogenesis. It will be helpful to uncover evolutional and functional origin of the vertebrate counterpart and the detailed function of steroid receptor coactivator during early embryogenesis.

제주도 옹포와 법환 연안에 서식하는 분홍성게의 생식소 발달과 생식주기를 조사하기 위하여 1994년 12월부터 1995년 12월까지 채집된 개체를 대상으로 생식소중량지수(GSI)의 월별 변화, 월별 생식소 발달 단계를 조사하였다. 옹포와 법환 지역에 서식하는 분홍성게의 생식소중량지수의 월별 변화는 유사하였다. 암컷은 옹포와 법환 모두 12월에 각각 17.8± 4.04, 13.8±1.51로 최고값을 보였고, 수컷도 옹포와 법환 모두 12월에 각각 15.4±1.53, 13.6±1.32로 최고값을 나타냈다. 주 산란은 옹포와 법환 수온과 일장 주기가 감소하는 11월～2월에 일어났다. 생식소의 조직학적 관찰 결과, 제주도 옹포와 법환 연안에 서식하는 분홍성게의 암ㆍ수 배우자세포 발달 양상은 동시 발달형이고, 년 1회의 산란시기를 갖은 것으로 생각된다.

구조적으로 estrogen 수용체(estrogen receptor, ER)와 유사한 estrogen receptor-related receptor(ERR)는 포유동물에서 배발생 후기에 외배엽 형성과 관련되어 있다고 알려진 고아핵수용체(orphan nuclear receptor)이다. ERR은 ER과 DNA binding domain의 보존성은 유사하지만, ligand 결합 및 전사 활성은 다르다. 포유동물의 ERR에 관한 연구에 비하여 해양 무척추동물의

Effects of salinity and standard toxic metals on fertilization and embryo development rates were investigated in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1㎖ of 0.5 M KCl into the coelomic cavity. The fertilization and embryo development rates were below 20% when salinity was 25 psu or lower, but were above 90% when salinity was between 30 and 35 psu. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including Cu and Cd) were greater than 90%, but decreased with a high negative correlation (r) of 0.89 and 0.91 with the increasing of Cu and Cd concentrations, respectively. These results suggest that salinity concentrations for successful fertilization and normal embryogenesis of S. nudus are between 30 and 35 psu, and the biological assays of fertilization and embryo development rates using S. nudus are useful methods for the ecological toxicity test of marine pollution elements.

Estrogen과 estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs)는 주로 스테로이드 수용체와 작용하여 다양한 표적 단백질 유전자의 전사를 조절한다. 구조적으로 estrogen 수용체와 유사한 estrogen 수용체형 수용체(estrogen receptorrelated receptor, ERR)는 포유동물에서 배발생 후기에 외배엽 형성과 관련되어 있다고 알려진 고아핵수용체(orphan nuclear receptor)이

Transforming growth 신호의 매개자 역할을 하는 Smad 계열 단백질은 발생과정에 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. Estrogen receptor(ER)와 구조적으로 유사한 estrogen receptor-related receptor(ERR)은 포유동물에서 후기 배발생기에 외배엽 형성과 관련이 되어 있는 고아핵수용체이다. 본 연구에서는 해양무척추동물의 초기발생과정과 계절번식기 동안에 Smad3와 ERR의 유전자 발현이 발생과정과 성숙

말똥성게 정자의 냉장보존을 위한 여러 가지 희석액의 보존 효과를 비교하였다. 다양한 농도의 포도당 용액, 인공해수(ASW)를 희석액으로 하여 정자를 4에서 보존하였다 보존효과는 정자 활성지수 (SAI), 생존율 및 말똥성 게 난에 대 한 수정률로 평가하였다. ASW와 1.2 M glucose액을 희석 액으로 하여 30일간 냉장보존하였을 때 가장 높은 운동성 및 생존율을 유지하였다. 정자의 냉장보존을 위한 희석액의 적정 pH는 7.0∼8.0 이었다. 정자