Normal balance is defined as state in which the body is equlilibrium. It is complex motor control task, requring integration of sensory information, neural processing, and biomechanical factors. There are major two factors contribute to balance control, the neurological and the musculoskeletal. The neurological factor provides the sensory processing and motor output mechanisms that are the neurophysiological basis for response. The musculoskeletal factor provides the mechanical structure for response. When all components of two factors are operating effectively, the postural response should be appropriate and effective for good balance control. Therfore, balance can be influenced by above all factors. In addition, balance can be also influenced by muscle tone, hearing, physiological factors, and environmental factors. Physical therapists must understand factors of balance control so that we can accurately assess balance. Therefore, physical therapists have to develop useful balance measurement tools to evaluate balance.

Padan (Cartap) 4G의 벼멸구에 대한 살충효과, 방제효과 및 이들에 관여하는 몇가지 요인을 구명하기 위하여 실내시험, 폿트시험을 수행하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 벼멸구에 대한 Padan의 치는 암컷은 (24시간)(48시간)/충이었고, 수컷은 (24시간) (48시간)충/ 이었다. 2. 벼멸구 암컷에 대한 Padan의 치는 온도수준에 따라서 현저한 차이가 있었다. 즉 에서는 /충, 에서는 /충, 에서는 /충 이었다. 3. 벼멸구 암컷에 대한 Padan의 치(ppm)는 칩엽처리에서는 낮았다. 즉, 침근처리에서 살충효과가 훨씬 높았다. 4. Padan의 처리를 받은 벼멸구의 감로배치량은 로서 약량수준에서는 무처리 에 비하며 낮았으나 약량수준에서는 무처리와 비등하였다. 5. 벼멸구에 대한 Padan 4G의 살충효과는 성충에 대해서는 낮았고 약충에 대해서는 높았다. 6. 폿트시험에 있어서 벼멸구에 대한 Padan 4G의 살충효과는 Broadcasting와 Top-dressing 처리간에 별 차이를 인정할 수 없었다. 7. 폿트시험에 있어서 Padan 4G의 벼멸구에 대한 살충효과는 담수상태에 비하여 배수상태에서 높았다. 8. Padan의 처리를 받은 벼멸구의 차세대의 밀도는 총 513마리로서 무처리구 550마리에 비하여 차이가 없었으나 Furadan 처리구의 3.0마리에 비하여는 현저히 높았다. 그리고 Diazinon 처리에서 370.7 마리 비해서는 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 9. 수원지방에 있어서 Padan 4 G의 벼멸구 방제효과는 인데 비하여 Diazinon , Furadan 로서 월등히 높았다. 그리고 담수상태에 비하여 배수상태에서 벼멸구 방제효과가 높았는데 그 현상은 Diazinon, Furadan 처리에서 더욱 뚜렷하다. 10. 해남지방에 있어서 Padan 4G의 벼멸구 방제효과는 인데 비하여 Diazinon처리구 . Furadan 처리구 로서 월등히 높았다. 그러나 수원의 방제효과에 비하면 좀 낮은 편이었다. 담수조건과 배수조건에 따른 방제효과의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이와 같은 현상은 Diazinon과 Furadan 처리에서도 마찬가지였다. 11. 포장시험결과 Padan 4G는 4kg/10a 수준에서 벼멸구 방제효과 발현은 충분하였다. 12. 폿트시험과 포장시험 결과가 일치하지 않았던 이유에 대해서는 금후에 연구검토가 요망된다.

본 시험은 우리나라에서 발생하는 푸른곰팡이병균의 종의 빈도와 발병환경 및 방제법을 구명코져 실시하였다. 시험결과 Trichoderma koningi, T. lignorum, T. glaucum과 미동정의 1종등 4종의 병원균이 분리되었고 이들의 빈도는 각각 와 이었다. 푸른곰팡이병균은 감자배양액, 왁스만배양액과 리차드배양액에서 생육이 잘 되었으며 중성-염기성배지에서는 생육이 불량한 반면 산성에서 생육이 왕성하였으며 최적산도는 pH4였다. 양송이 수확기간 중 재배사내의 온도는 내외 일 때 본명의 발생이 적었고 수량이 많으며 이상에서는 본병의 발생이 격심하였다. 푸른곰팡이병균은 복토흙 소독시 에서 60분, 혹은 에서 30분간 열처리하므로서 완전히 사멸하였고 퇴비 후발효 과정에서도 사멸되었다.

Investors from the whole world are looking for those stock markets that are less affected by interest rates. Pakistan is a good place to invest and the investors from the whole world are considering Pakistan for future ventures. The current study, therefore, aims to analyze the factors affecting investors’ decision making in Pakistan with the interaction effect of locus of control. The primary data are gathered from 300 respondents. Structural equation modelling (SEM-PLS) is used to analyze the interactions among variables. The study finds positive impact of availability and representative biases on investment decision making. The study could not find any moderating role of locus of control. The results imply that decisions made by Pakistani investors are driven by the most easily or currently available information and they trust on the information obtained from family and friends without any authentication and verification. One possible description of insignificant moderation effect of locus of control can be the sample traits used in the study, e.g., personal characteristics, that change from culture to culture. Another description of these findings may be the association between heuristic biases, including availability, representative and psychological biases and decision-making regarding investment is not personality specific.

수분함량과 유기물 함량이 80% 이상으로 매우 높고, 염도가 높은 국내 음식물쓰레기는 저장 및 운송과정에서 쉽게 부패하는 문제가 있어 적정 처리에 대한 효과적 기술 개발 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 유기물질을 분해하는 미생물이 산소를 이용하는 호기성 퇴비화방법은 유기물을 안정화시키는 것으로 미생물이 음식물 쓰레기를 분해하여 부식질인 퇴비물질, 물과 이산화탄소로 전환시킨다. 본 연구에서는 음식물쓰레기 발효 소멸 시스템을 이용 음식물쓰레기를 처리 하여 음식물 쓰레기의 발효특성을 알아보았다. 이를 통해 운전 안정화를 위한 미생물 활성기반 제어인자를 도출 하고자 하였다. 수분 조절을 위한 통기 개량제는 우드칩이 사용되었고 교반기의 혼합은 3rpm으로 진행되었다. 반응온도는 가온없이 자체발열로 운전 하고 흡인송풍으로 공기가 공급되었다. 운전인자 도출을 위한 발효물질 분석은 공업분석, 원소분석 등이 수행되었고 pH, 함수율, 염도 등이 측정되었다.

As a preliminary investigation into the effect of environmental factors control for gonadal development, we examined the involvement of photoperiod and water temperature in ovarian development of Epinephelus. akaara. For the induction of sexual maturation, E. akaara reared in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). During November 2013, the photoperiod and water temperature was adjusted to 12L:12D and 18℃, respectively. In the photo-thermal treatment group, every 3 weeks daylight was increased as follows a 13L:11D and 14L:10D, and control group was maintained under natural condition. After 9 weeks, water temperature was increased 23℃ in photo-thermal treatment group. The sampled fish every 3 weeks revealed increase in gonadosomatic index (GSI; 5.18±1.38), oocyte diameter and vitellogenic oocytes (423.9±36.1 ㎛) were observed in gonads 12 weeks under photo-thermal treatment group. However, ovarian development was maintained immature stage in control group. In this environmental factors manipulation trial, seventy one of the 95 females (578.4 ± 25.4 g in mean body weight, 31.0 ± 0.5 cm mean total length) treated with HCG injection (doses 500 IU/kg BW) were induced ovulation by artificial stripping. The total volume of ovulated eggs were 3,470 ml and the total volume of fertilized eggs was 3,295 ml. The fertilization rate and hatching rate were 95% and 98%, respectively. These results suggest that the photoperiod as well as water temperature are major environmental factors in triggering the gonadal development of E. akaara.

Capsinoids which were found recently in non-pungent pepper show the same biological effects as capsaicinoid including anticancer and anti-obesity. A precursor of capsaicinoids, vanillyl alcohol, is known to be produced by mutations in the p-aminotransferase (pAMT) gene. In the previous study, we showed that capsinoid production is also controlled by the capsaicin synthase (CS) gene. However correlation between the CS gene expression and capsinoids contents has not been fully understood. This study was conducted to elucidate correlation between the expression level of CS gene and capsinoids contents. Through germplasm screening, we identified one C. chinese pepper cultivar, SNU11-001, which contained capsinoids as much as C. annuum ‘CH-19 Sweet’. SNU11-001 was crossed with five Capsicum cultivars (ECW, Takanotsume, Yuwolcho, Habanero and Jolokia) containing different levels of capsaicin, ‘ECW’ is non-pungent pepper line, and ‘Takanotsume’ and ‘Yuwolcho’ have mild pungency, and ‘Habanero’ and ‘Jolokia’ is known to be included in the most pungent pepper lines. When we analyzed the expression of CS and pAMT genes using the six Capsicum cultivars, the expression levels of CS were higher in pungent Capsicum cultivars. To test whether the expression levels of CS also control capsinoids contents, we will analyze several F2 populations derived from crosses between SNU11-001 and Capsicum cultivars containing different levels of capsaicin.

Flowering is exquisitely regulated by both promotive and inhibitory factors. Molecular genetic studies with Arabidopsis have verified several epigenetic repressors that regulate flowering time. However, the roles of chromatin remodeling factors in developmental processes have not been well explored in rice. We identified a chromatin remodeling factor OsVIL2 (O. sativa VIN3-LIKE 2) that promotes flowering. OsVIL2 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, which is a conserved motif of histone binding proteins. Insertion mutations in OsVIL2 caused late flowering under both long and short days. In osvil2 mutants OsLFL1 expression was increased, but that of Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 was reduced. We demonstrated that OsVIL2 is bound to native histone H3 in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that OsVIL2 was directly associated with OsLFL1 chromatin. We also observed that H3K27me3 was significantly enriched by OsLFL1 chromatin in the wild type, but that this enrichment was diminished in the osvil2 mutants. These results indicated that OsVIL2 epigenetically represses OsLFL1 expression. We showed that OsVIL2 physically interacts with OsEMF2b, a component of polycomb repression complex 2. As observed from osvil2, a null mutation of OsEMF2b caused late flowering by increasing OsLFL1 expression and decreasing Ehd1 expression. Thus, we conclude that OsVIL2 functions together with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1. Transgenic plants over-expressing OsVIL2 flowered early. In addition, they were taller and ticker due to increased in cell number, resulting in yield increase. The same phenotypes were observed from OsVIL4 knockout mutants. These indicate that OsVIL4 represses OsVIL2 function by directly binding to the protein.

얼룩과는 배 재배중에 사용하는 봉지 종류에 따라 수확시발생률이 다른데 흡습성과 투기성이 불량한 이중 봉지인 신문 봉지를 사용한 경우 수확시 발생률이 75%로 가장 높았으며 저온 저장중에는 습도가 높을수록 많이 발생하여 저장 180일까지 폴리에틸렌 필름 밀봉구에서 54～100% 까지 발생하였다 또한 수확 시기가 늦어질수록 얼룩과 발생이 많아져 관행 수확기보다 일주일 빠른 9월 하순에 수확한 배보다 10월 초순이나 10월 중순에 수확한 배는 저장중에