Starburst galaxies have strong star formation activity and generate large scale out ows which eject a huge amount of gas mass. This process affects galaxy activity, and therefore, the detailed study of nearby starburst galaxies could provide valuable information for the study of distant ones. So far there have been only a few studies of galactic-scale molecular out ows due to the sensitivity limitation of telescopes. Our study provides two nearby examples, NGC 2146 and NGC 3628. We used Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA) CO(1-0) data, Chandra soft X-ray data, and NMA 3 mm data to study the kinematics of molecular outflows, their interaction with ionized outflows, and the star forming activity in the starburst region. We found that the gas ejected through molecular outflows is much more significant than that used to form stars.

We present 12CO (2-1) data for four spiral galaxies (NGC 4330, NGC 4402, NGC 4522, NGC 4569) in the Virgo cluster that are undergoing different ram pressure stages. The goal is to probe the detailed molecular gas properties under strong intra-cluster medium (ICM) pressure using high-resolution millime- ter data taken with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). Combining this with Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) data, we also study spatially resolved temperature and density distributions of the molecular gas. Comparing with multi-wavelength data (optical, Hi, UV , Hα), we discuss how molecular gas properties and star formation activity change when a galaxy experiences Hi stripping. This study suggests that ICM pressure can modify the physical and chemical properties of the molecular gas sig- nificantly even if stripping does not take place. We discuss how this affects the star formation rate and galaxy evolution in the cluster environment.

We observed multiple CO transition lines and the HCN(1-0) line at ~ 1" (~ 34 pc) or higher resolution toward the Seyfert 2 nucleus of M51 using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) and the Submillimeter Array (SMA). All the images show very similar overall molecular gas distribution; there are two discrete clouds at the eastern and western sides of the nucleus, and the western cloud exhibits an elongated distribution and velocity gradient along the radio jet. In addition, high HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) brightness temperature ratios of about unity have been observed, especially along the radio jet, similar to those observed in shocked molecular gas in our Galaxy. This strongly indicates that the molecular gas along the jet is shocked, that the radio jet and the molecular gas are interacting, and the jet is entraining both diffuse (CO) and dense (HCN) molecular gas outwards from the circumnuclear region. This is the first clear imaging of the out owing molecular gas entrained by the AGN jet, and showing the detailed physical status of out owing molecular gas. Since a relatively high HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) ratio has been observed in the high velocity wing of ultraluminous infrared galaxies, it can also be explained by a similar mechanism to those we describe here.

The Galactic center uniquely provides opportunities to resolve how star clusters form in neutral gas overdensities engulfed in a large-scale accretion flow. We have performed sensitive Green Bank 100m Telescope (GBT), Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA), and Submillimeter Array (SMA) mapping observations of molecular gas and thermal dust emission surrounding the Galaxy's supermassive black hole (SMBH) Sgr A*. We resolved several molecular gas streams orbiting the center on ≳10 pc scales. Some of these gas streams appear connected to the well-known 2-4 pc scale molecular circumnuclear disk (CND). The CND may be the tidally trapped inner part of the large-scale accretion flow, which incorporates in ow via exterior gas filaments/arms, and ultimately feeds gas toward Sgr A*. Our high resolution GBT+JVLA NH3 images and SMA+JCMT 0.86 mm dust continuum image consistently reveal abundant dense molecular clumps in this region. These gas clumps are characterized by ≳100 times higher virial masses than the derived molecular gas masses based on 0.86 mm dust continuum emission. In addition, Class I CH3OH masers and some H2O masers are observed to be well associated with the dense clumps. We propose that the resolved gas clumps may be pressurized gas reservoirs for feeding the formation of 1-10 solar-mass stars. These sources may be the most promising candidates for ALMA to probe the process of high-mass star-formation in the Galactic center.

In this project, all available databases of molecular and gas-dust clouds in the Galaxy were cross- identified by taking into account available properties, including position, angular dimensions, velocity, density, temperature and mass. An initial list of about 7000 entries was condensed into a cross-identified all-sky catalogue containing molecular and gas-dust clouds. Some relationships were studied between the main physical features of clouds. Finally, we prepared a complex observing program and address future work for filling in the gaps.

We present observational results characterizing molecular out ows from very low-mass objects in ρ Ophiuchi and Taurus. Our results provide us with important implications that clarify the formation process of very low-mass objects.

말에서 주요 경제형질인 운동과 관련된 연구는 중요하지만, 현재까지의 연구는 물리학적, 생리학적 연구에 치중되어 있어 분자수준의 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 선행연구를 통하여 경주마에서 RNA-sequencing을 수행하여 운동 전·후 alternative transcript 이형에 따라 발현 양상이 상이한 유전자(DYNC1LI2, COBLL1, AXL, PLEKHG1)를 발굴하였다. 이 중, DYNC1LI2 유전자를 선택하여 분자생물학적 분석 및 운동성과의 관계에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과, DYNC1LI2 유전자의 2가지 전사 이형은 긴 형태의 전사체(DYNC1LI2a)와 결손이 일어나 상대적으로 짧아진 전사체(DYNC1LI2b)의 형태로 존재하는 것을 확인하였고, 두 가지 전사 이형 모두가 말의 각 조직(갑상선, 결장, 골격근, 맹장, 심장, 신장, 척수, 폐)에 존재함을 확인하였다. 또한, 운동 전과 운동 후 발현량 분석을 통해 두 가지 전사 이형이 동일하게 운동에 따라 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 추가적으로 두 가지 전사 이형의 아미노산 비교 분석 결과, 엑손영역에 결손이 일어나는 부분은 단백질의 인산화 및 당질화와 관련이 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 DYNC1LI2a가 DYNC1LI2b에 비해 더욱 단백질의 안정화 작용을 하는 것을 의미하며, DYNC1LI2 유전자가 운동에 따라 발현이 달라짐에 따라 차후 말에서 운동관련 연구에 대한 기반 자료로써 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

In the present work, we propose a molecule (C14H14) that can be used as a building block of hexagonal diamond-type crystals and nanocrystals, including wurtzite structures. This molecule and its combined blocks are similar to diamondoid molecules that are used as building blocks of cubic diamond crystals and nanocrystals. The hexagonal part of this molecule is included in the C12 central part of this molecule. This part can be repeated to increase the ratio of hexagonal to cubic diamond and other structures. The calculated energy gap of these molecules (called hereafter wurtzoids) shows the expected trend of gaps that are less than that of cubic diamondoid structures. The calculated binding energy per atom shows that wurtzoids are tighter structures than diamondoids. Distribution of angles and bonds manifest the main differences between hexagonal and cubic diamond-type structures. Charge transfer, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectra are investigated to identify the main spectroscopic differences between hexagonal and cubic structures at the molecular and nanoscale. Natural bond orbital population analysis shows that the bonding of the present wurtzoids and diamondoids differs from ideal sp3 bonding. The bonding for carbon valence orbitals is in the range (2s0.982p3.213p0.02)-(2s0.942p3.313p0.02) for wurtzoid and (2s0.932p3.293p0.01)-(2s0.992p3.443p0.01) for diamantane.

Gas transport through graphene-derived membranes has gained much interest recently due to its promising potential in filtration and separation applications. In this work, we explore Kr-85 gas radionuclide sequestration from natural air in nanoporous graphene oxide membranes in which different sizes and geometries of pores were modeled on the graphene oxide sheet. This was done using atomistic simulations considering mean-squared displacement, diffusion coefficient, number of crossed species of gases through nanoporous graphene oxide, and flow through interlayer galleries. The results showed that the gas features have the densest adsorbed zone in nanoporous graphene oxide, compared with a graphene membrane, and that graphene oxide was more favorable than graphene for Kr separation. The aim of this paper is to show that for the well-defined pore size called P-7, it is possible to separate Kr-85 from a gas mixture containing Kr-85, O2 and N2. The results would benefit the oil industry among others.

Chironomous is aquatic insect belonging to order Diptera, family Chironomidae. Their larval stage can be found mainly in aquatic benthic environment, hence good model organism to study environmental toxicology assessments and consider as useful bio indicators of contamination of the aquatic environment. In this study, Chironomus Heat Shock Proteins, Cytochrome 450, Glutathione S-transferase, Serine-type endopeptidase gene expressions were compared between polluted field areas (Chironomus plumosus) and under laboratory conditions (Chironomus riparious) to investigate molecular indicators for environmental contaminant stress assessment. Heavy metal (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Se, Pb, As, Cd) concentrations in sediments collected from three study areas exceeded the reference values. Moreover, HSPs, CYP450 and GST gene expression except SP for C. plumosus showed higher expression than C. riparious gene expression. Similar gene expression pattern was observed in C. riparious that exposed environment waters up to 96 h when compared to C. plumosus exposed to waters that grown in lab conditions. In summary, this comparative gene expression analysis in Chironomous between field and laboratory condition gave useful information to select candidate molecular indicators in heavy metal contaminations in the environment.

본 연구에서는 분자동력학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 탄화수소계열 고분자인 sulfonated poly arylene ether sulfone(SPAES) 와 polyethersulfone(PES), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) 가 혼합되어 제조된 블렌딩 막에 대하여 조성비에 따른 이온 및 메탄올 투과도를 예측해 보았으며 이를 실제 이온전도도 및 메탄올 투과도에 대한 결과와 비교를 통해 최적화된 조성비를 확인해보았다.

기존의 전기 탈이온 공정(EDI)은 전기투석법과 이온교환수지법을 혼합한 공정으로 알려져있다. 여기서의 모듈은 전기투석을 위한 양이온교환막과 음이온교환막이 있고 이 막 사이에 이온교환수지를 채워 넣는 형태로 제조된다. 이것을 기초로 요즘 전기 흡착 탈이온(EAD) 공정은 바이폴라막과 이온교환수지를 이용해서 모듈을 제조하고 있다. 그래서 모듈에 이용되는 양이온교환막으로 술폰화시킨 SEBS triblock copolymer를 이용했다. 게다가 술폰화시킨 SEBS, 물 분자, 히드로늄 이온을 모델링하고 술폰화시킨 SEBS, 히드로늄 이온과 물분자의 의 동역학을 분자동역학시뮬레이션을 이용해서 살펴보았다. 그리고 실제 실험을 통한 비교분석을 진행했다.

본 연구에서는 탄화수소계열 고분자인 sulfonated poly arylene ether sulfone(SPAES) 고분자를 이용하여 연료전지용 전해질막을 제조하였으며 메탄올 투과도를 최적화 하기 위하여 소수성 고분자인 polyethersulfone(PES), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) 를 소량 첨가하여 블렌드막을 제조하였다. 제조된 분리막은 연료전지용 전해질 막으로써 요구되는 물리적, 화학적 안정성, 이온전도도, 셀 테스트등의 기본 물성을 측정하여 잠재적인 적용 가능성을 테스트 해보았다 또한 분자동력학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 소수성 고분자와 SPAES고분자의 혼화성 측정과, 이온 및 메탄올 분자의 투과도를 예측해 보았으며 이를 이용하여 실제 실험 결과와 비교 분석을 진행하였다.

S. aureus is reported as a major cause of nosocomial infections after dental care and involved in endocarditis, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, and soft tissues etc. It is very important to identify the distribution and the diversity of toxin gene associated with the S. aureus expression in dental care patients with periodontitis directly for an effective prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Fifty four strains of S. aureus were isolated from the saliva of 129 patients who were diagnosed with periodontitis at dental clinics and hospitals located in Seoul. The distribution of the virulence gene and the genetic diversity of the strains were studied using the polymerase chain reaction with isolated strains. The enterotoxin test showed Seb was the most frequent gene with 88.9%. The hemolysin gene of Hla, Hib and Hld were the most frequently gene with 98.1% (53 strains), leukocidins gene of lukM showed 90.7% (49 strains), and laminin binding protein gene of Eno showed 100% (54 strains), respectively. The diversity of the enterotoxin gen was held as Seb-Seg-Sei gene of 35.2% (19 strains), the diversity of hemolysin gene of Hla-Hlb-Hld gene was 98.1% (53 strains) and the diversity of leukocidins gene of LukD-LukM were 88.9% (48 strains), respectively. Patients with dental disease showed somehow high toxin gene expression so that S. aureus in dental care area is judged to show very highly pathogen with a high and infection rate. In the future, additional studies for these toxin genes seem to be required.

We carry out three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the supernova remnants (SNRs) produced inside molecular clouds (MCs) near their surface using the HLL code (Harten et al. 1983). We explore the dynamical evolution and the X-ray morphology of SNRs after breaking through the MC surface for ranges of the explosion depths below the surface and the density ratios of the clouds to the intercloud media (ICM). We find that if an SNR breaks out through an MC surface in its Sedov stage, the outermost dense shell of the remnant is divided into several layers. The divided layers are subject to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and fragmented. On the other hand, if an SNR breaks through an MC after the remnant enters the snowplow phase, the radiative shell is not divided to layers. We also compare the predictions of previous analytic solutions for the expansion of SNRs in stratified media with our one- dimensional simulations. Moreover, we produce synthetic X-ray surface brightness in order to research the center-bright X-ray morphology shown in thermal composite SNRs. In the late stages, a breakout SNR shows the center-bright X-ray morphology inside an MC in our results. We apply our model to the observational results of the X-ray morphology of the thermal composite SNR 3C 391.

본 연구에서는 다양한 아민기를 가지는 폴리이미드 소재 및 분리막을 제조하여 그들의 구조의 변화에 따른 기체 투과도를 측정하였으며 동력학(Molecular dynamics; MD) 기술을 이용하여 해당 기체의 시간의 변화에 따른 위치와 속도를 계산하여, 기체분자의 동적 특성을 분석하는데 활용하였다. 투과도 측정결과 합성된 고분자 소재의 경우 고분자 내의 free volume을 증가시키는 치환기를 도입시켰을 경우 기체투과도가 증가되었으나 rigid한 구조가 도입된 폴리이미드는 투과도가 감소되는 경향을 확인하였다. 또한 분자동력학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 기체투과거동 변화를 분석한 결과 실제 기체투과도 측정결과와 유사한 결과를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다.