The hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher), is an important tetranychid causing damage on fruittrees and woody ornamental plants. We investigated the effect of a mycoinsecticide BotaniGard® ES at different humiditylevels on the eggs and adults mortality of A. viennensis. In a laboratory condition, egg mortality was significantly influencedby the conidial concentration and RHs. Highest mortality of eggs was observed at 1×108 conidia/ml with 95% RH thanother conditions. In 1×108 conidia/ml, LT50 at 95 and 75% RH were significantly different from 55% RH. In BotaniGard®spray in cherry plants, mites decreased on day 6 at all the concentrations, but the mite populations rebounded exceptin 1×109 conidia/ml where it maintained 0 until 9 days after spraying. It is therefore concluded that B. bassiana hasa potential to be used against A. viennensis

Potato tuber moth (PTM) is damaging pest of solanaceous crop invasive to Korea. We showed earlier that it inflicteddamage to tomato. So in this study, we evaluated accessions of Solanum lycopersicum (Money maker, Campari, AilsaCraig, LA3475 and e6203) and a wild variety of S. pimpinellifolium for resistance variability. A day old larvae of PTMwere inoculated to leaves and fruits. The result showed high survivability on leaves of Ailsa Craig (95.6%±4.4 SE) andlow on fruits of S. pimpinellifolium (14.0%±6.0). Leaves of LA3475 and fruits of S. pimpinellifolium were less preferred.Volatile compounds could be the cause. Density of trichomes could also influence PTM activity on leaves. These resultsgive us information on resistance variability which could be utilized if there is a host shift due to climate change.

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest for both stone and pomefruits. In a previous study, we selected four best plant extracts [Nicotiana tabacum L., Allium sativum L., Zanthoxylumpiperitum (L.) DC., and Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.] against first instar larva, and here we evaluated them against adultstage (<5 d old) in laboratory. N. tabacum applied at 2 mg/ml showed highest corrected mortality of 85 and 100% infemale and male, respectively, within 168 h of exposure. Combined spray of N. tabacum and A. sativum showed LT50of 103.5 and 63.9 h on female and male, respectively. We also evaluated the deterrent effect of the plant extracts onovipositioning, and found that female laid less egg (29) on N. tabacum treated twigs at the concentration of 4 mg/twig.Thus N. tabacum can be a potential botanical insecticide against G. molesta.

Virulence of six entomopathogenic fungi was assessed against the 1st instar larva (<5 h old) of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) in laboratory which is considered as an important pest for stone fruits. Three strains of Beauveria bassiana and each strain of Metarhizium robertsii, Metarhizium bruneum, and Isaria farinosa were evaluated with the concentration of 1×108 conidia/mL at 95.9% RH and 25.4°C by glass scintillation vial assay. Among all, two strains of B. bassiana, ARP14 (87.5%) and A (unpublished) (72.7%), showed highest virulence with 9.8 and 12.6 h of LT50 within 16 h of exposure. However, B. bassiana A showed highest infection rate of 90.0% compare to ARP14 (70.0%) after 14 days. From these results, the two strains of B. bassiana, ARP14 and A, can be used for the control of G. molesta.

We report our research on aluminum mirror optics for future infrared astronomical satellites. For space infrared missions, cooling the whole instrument is crucial to suppress the infrared background and detector noise. In this aspect, aluminum is appropriate for cryogenic optics, because the same material can be used for the whole structure of the instrument including optical components thanks to its excellent machinability, which helps to mitigate optical misalignment at low temperatures. We have fabricated alu- minum mirrors with ultra-precision machining and measured the wave front errors (WFEs) of the mirrors with a Fizeau interferometer. Based on the power spectral densities of the WFEs, we conrmed that the surface accuracy of all the mirrors satised the requirements for the SPICA Coronagraph Instrument. We then integrated the mirrors into an optical system, and examined the image quality of the system with an optical laser. As a result, the total WFE is estimated to be 33 nm (rms) from the Strehl ratio. This is consistent with the WFEs estimated from the measurement of the individual mirrors.

OBJECTIVES : Visibility at night can be improved by using retroreflection for short distances and phosphorescent line markings for long distances. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of the phosphorescent line marking through a laboratory luminance test. Field performance analysis was performed through tests conducted on the road. We also examined the luminance measurement methods using the digital image obtained during the phosphorescent visibility evaluation. METHODS : In this study, the laboratory luminance test of the phosphorescent line marking was conducted using seven specimens to characterize the luminance changes according to the type of the glass beads, the thickness of the phosphorescent line marking, and the brightness and irradiation time of the light source. Phosphorescent and general line markings were made at 150 m to investigate the field luminance performance. A preliminary review of the luminance measurement methods was made using a digital image from a digital singlelens reflex (DSLR) camera. The measured luminance ratio of the general and the phosphorescent line markings was compared with the calculated luminance ratio using luminance analysis. RESULTS: Through the laboratory luminance test, it was seen that the change in luminance, which corresponds to the brightness of the light source, appears large but the influence of the thickness and irradiation time is low. The field performance test of the phosphorescent line marking conducted on the road involved measuring the luminance on the day the marking was made and 7 days after the marking was made. The luminance was found to be 190 mcd/m2 at 30 min after sunset and approximately 10-12 mcd/m2 4h after sunset. The results of the luminance test were captured using a digital image for each time group. The luminance ratio of the phosphorescent line marking, when compared to that of the general line marking, showed a similar trend within a 13% maximum error. Additionally, when this luminance ratio is compared to the direct field measurement, it could be confirmed that the luminance ratio, as captured in the digital image, showed a similar tendency. CONCLUSIONS : 1) The change in luminance corresponding to the brightness of the light source is significant in comparison with that corresponding to the thickness and the irradiation time. In addition, the results of the field test for the phosphorescent line marking satisfied the phosphorescent fire protection standard. 2) We examined the validity of the luminance measurement method using a digital image and we concluded that the change in the luminance ratio shows a similar tendency in both the cases. The results can form the basis for luminance measurement methodology for the construction and maintenance of phosphorescent line markings.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research is to develop additives for the modification of Solvent DeAsphalting Residue (SDAR) to be used as pavement materials, and evaluate the performance of asphalt mixture manufactured using the SDAR modified by developed additives. METHODS: The SDAR generally consists of more asphaltenes and less oil components compared to the conventional asphalt binder, and hence, the chemical/physical properties of SDAR are different from that of conventional asphalt binder. In this research, the additives are developed using the low molecular oil-based plasticizer to improve the properties of SDAR. First, the chemical property of two SDARs is analyzed using SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene) method. The physical/rheological properties of SDARs and SDARs containing additives are also evaluated based on PG-grade method and dynamic shear-modulus master curve. Second, various laboratory tests are conducted for the asphalt mixture manufactured using the SDAR modified with additives. The laboratory tests conducted in this study include the mix design, compactibility analysis, indirect tensile test for moisture susceptibility, dynamic modulus test for rheological property, wheeltracking test for rutting performance, and direct tension fatigue test for cracking performance. RESULTS : The PG-grade of SDARs is higher than PG 76 in high temperature grades and immeasurable in low temperature grades. The dynamic shear modulus of SDARs is much higher than that of conventional asphalt, but the modified SDARs with additives show similar modulus compared to that of conventional asphalt. The moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture with modified SDARs is good if, the antistripping agent is included. The performance (dynamic modulus, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance) of asphalt mixture with modified SDARs is comparable to that of conventional asphalt mixture when appropriate amount of additives is added. CONCLUSIONS: The saturate component of SDARs is much less than that of conventional asphalt, and hence, it is too hard and brittle to be used as pavement materials. However, the modified SDARs with developed additives show comparable or better rheological/physical properties compared to that of conventional asphalt depending on the type of SDAR and the amount of additives used.

Research and development activities have been actively conducted at universities, research institutions and research laboratories which belong to corporations. Because of blooming research and development activities in various fields, safety accidents in the laboratories happen consistently. The government office established Act on the establishment of safe laboratory environment to decrease safety accident rates and make environment of laboratories better, and it is effective slowly. However, in the case of laboratory safety management of the laboratory where various research and development activities are carried out. So it is difficult to closely monitor them. Even though safety inspections and periodic inspections is regularly conducted, these are focused on facilities and environment. According to a study of Dea-deok science town safety council, accidents in laboratories of 73% have arisen out of careless actions. Therefore, it is important for researchers to know to potential harmful factors in research. there is necessary to make a system to prevent laboratory accidents. The purpose of this study is that the researchers discovered potential hazard factors in laboratories. For that, foreign laboratory safety management systems has applied to domestic laboratories. Four laboratories in targeted institution has been selected to apply the appropriate personal protection equipments, job safety assessment and standard operating procedures. And I found the limitations of the process according to the excavations harmful factors in the research process. To overcome these limitations, Suggest a laboratory safety management system. This study discovered current laboratory safety system limitations and provides alternatives so that effective safety management can be achieved

There are more than 30,000 chemical substances handled in domestic university laboratories. Among them, hazardous materials are selected and managed as designated substances by the standards of 19 Ministries and 16 Acts. However, domestic safety-related laws and regulations are used to manage industrial risk factors based on industrial activities. In case of installing a university chemical laboratory in accordance with the installation standards applicable to general workplaces. It is not suitable to use as a laboratory installation standard that can be applied to a chemical laboratory installed at a university such as a problem occurs in applying to a university using a small quantity of dangerous substances in a small amount. In order to establish the laboratory structure and facility standards that are appropriate for the laboratory characteristics and apply systematic laboratory safety, the National Security Administration shall apply the special handling standard of chemical experiment to places where handling less than 30 times the designated quantity of chemical substances for chemical experiments. On August 2, 2016, the regulations for the enforcement of the Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act and the standards for the structure and facilities of the university chemical laboratory were enacted. In this study, we investigated the domestic chemical substances laws and regulations to determine the chemical substances that are over-regulated in the relevant laws, and define them as substances against accidents. The management criteria for the substances were analyzed. The R value for the designation of the designated quantity by the concept of the space in the management standard was calculated.

It is not uncommon in the nature for insects to have symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, which harbors symbiont Burkholderia sp., is a serious agricultural pest in South Korea and Japan. It is reported that the symbiont has positive effects on the fitness of R. pedestris. However, virtually no information is available for how this insect finds the symbiont in the nature and how the behavior of R. pedestris is affected by the symbiont. To investigate the symbiont acquisition mechanism, the frequencies of R. pedestris approaching to symbiont or untreated control treatment were compared in a plastic cage (465×290×260mm) (n=20). In the experiment, there was no detectable difference between the two treatments. Further study using video tracking systems will help us to better understand detailed behaviors for symbiont acquisition.

Potato tuber moth (PTM) is a primary pest of potato which had invaded into Korea in 1968 and its distribution was restricted in the southern part of the peninsula. Possibly due to the climate change, its distribution expanded toward the North including Gyounggi and Gangwon province. Since this pest also can inflict damage on other solanaceous crop like tobacco and tomato, we tested the possible host expansion and damage potential on the varieties of tomato. A day old larvae were inoculated to three commercial varieties of a tomatoes and a potato. The results showed that PTM could survive and reproduce on tomato leaves or fruits with differential performance on the varieties. Development time for a day old larvae took longest in leaves of 3 months old plant than of one months old plant of tomatoes. PTM showed lowest reproduction on the leaves of variety with significantly higher type-VI trichome density/mm2. When fed with fruits of tomatoes PTM performance was low in terms of biological parameters in small sized cherry tomatoes than big normal size tomatoes. Significantly high survival rate was observed in the large sized fruit of tomato verities than small sized. This led to further discuss the importance of fruit size and the glycoalkoloid which is present in high level in cherry type tomatoes. Further work on resistance with more tomato accessions are necessary to know wider resistance variability in Korea.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to suggest a specific investigation guideline to decide priority of repairing old concrete pavements that pile up substantially. METHODS : In this study, a principle of division of homogeneous sections was proposed to reflect the characteristics of the pavement reasonably in the specific investigation results. In addition, a checklist and guideline of field investigation were suggested for the old concrete pavement sections, which require inspection toward their durability and structural performance. Furthermore, the items of laboratory test necessary to the old concrete pavement were suggested based on the existing laboratory test considering characteristics of the old concrete pavement. The present condition of the old concrete pavement could be analyzed by the test results. RESULTS: A method of division of homogeneous sections suitable for the specific investigation of the old concrete pavement was suggested. The proportions of distress severity of pavement sections were compared by distress type to figure out the present state of the old concrete pavement. Scaling, durability cracking (or alkali-silica reaction), and longitudinal spalling were selected as the most severe distress types. The detailed positions of the sections were also suggested. The checklist of the specific investigation was categorized by field survey and laboratory test, and its evaluation criteria were proposed. The three types of the sections of durability cracking (or alkali-silica reaction), bridge connection, and asphalt overlay were selected as the sections of the field survey. The compressive strength, void structure, and chloride penetration depth were suggested as the items of the laboratory test. CONCLUSIONS : A fundamental level of the guideline was suggested in this study to resolve the problem of old concrete pavement. Appropriate guidelines related to the repair of the old concrete pavement should be provided by performing additional research efforts.

PURPOSES: This study identifies the causes and the mechanism of the occurrence of underground cavities. METHODS: A case study on cave-in and a series of model tests with a small soil chamber were conducted. RESULTS: A hypothesis about the mechanism of the cave-in in road was established, and the basic influencing factors on underground cavity expansion were identified. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the characteristics of shear strength of soil and direction of water flow had a larger influence on cavity formation and expansion than the characteristics of internal erosion. In addition, large cavities suddenly expanded when cavities were caused owing to breakage of buried sewer pipe.

본 연구는 양배추에서 무테두리진딧물의 온도발육실험, 성충수명, 산자실험을 통해 매개변수를 추정하여, 약충의 온도발육모형, 무시성충 의 산자모형 작성에 필요한 기본모형들을 제공하기 위해 실시하였다. 6개의 온도(10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 ± 1℃, 16L:8D)에서 실험한 결과로 저 온인 10℃에서는 성공적으로 발육하지 못했다. 약충 발육기간은 온도가 증가할수록 30℃까지는 감소하였고 35℃에서는 다시 증가하였는데, 1 5℃에서 18.5일, 30℃에서 5.9일 이었다. 약충전체 직선회귀식에서 발육영점온도(DT)는 7.9℃로 나타났으며, 유효적산온도(DD)는 126.3일 이었다. 전기약충(1+2령), 후기약충(3+4령), 전체약충 발육률에 대한 비선형모형(Lactin 2 model)과 발육기간 분포 모형(Weibull model)을 작성하였다. 성충수명은 15℃에서 비정상적으로 18.2일을 보였고, 20℃에서 24.4일, 30.0℃에서 16.4일의 범위에 있었으며, 성충 생리적 연령 계산을 위한 노화율 모형작성에 이용되었다. 총 산자수는 20℃에서 91.6마리로 최대값을 보였다. 본 연구를 통하여 무테두리진딧물 무시성충 산 란모형 작성에 필요한 온도별 총산자수, 연령별 누적산자율, 연령별 생존율 모형 등 3개의 기본모형을 추정하였다.