Probiotic strain is known to regulate the immune system by colonizing in the intestine and interact with intestinal cell receptors of lymphoid tissue. In this study, safety of Streptococcus thermophilus KCTC14471BP and silk fibroin coating effects was evaluated with respect to mucin binding abilities and immune system modulation. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP was coated with silk fibroin by adding 1% water-soluble calcium and 0.1% silk fibroin. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP showed the high activities of leucine arylamidase and β-galactosidase. Regarding the antibiotic resistance tests, S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP was susceptible to ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP coated with silk fibroin showed the improved mucin binding ability from 16.1% to 71.3% and was confirmed to have no cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophage. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP coated with silk fibroin showed dose-dependently significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. These results suggested that S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP can be expected as a promising probiotic bacteria for applications to food industries such as fermentation or functional foods.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate road subsidence based on model chamber tests. METHODS : A theoretical review of road subsidence mechanisms was carried out, and a series of soil chamber tests with initial cavities were conducted under various conditions. Road subsidence risk was analyzed based on these results. RESULTS: The cavity collapse risk was affected by multiple factors, including cavity location, traffic loading, and asphalt layer thickness. The Nf number of loading required to reach cavity collapse increased as the cavity width increased, cavity depth decreased, and asphalt layer thickness increased. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of asphalt thickness on the risk of road subsidence was assessed to have an additional 1.5-fold effect on the subgrade thickness. This study proposed an effective cavity depth (Deff), considering the strength of the asphalt layer. Based on the results of the model chamber test, a four-class road subsidence risk model was proposed with effective cavity depths and widths. It was found that the risk of road subsidence increased as the cavity width increased and the effective cavity depth decreased. This trend is also well matched to the road subsidence risk models of Japan and Seoul.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to identify the mechanism of road subsidence caused by damaged water and sewer pipes. METHODS: A series of soil chamber test using damaged water and sewer pipe models were conducted under various conditions. RESULTS : Characteristics of cavity expansion and collapse caused by damaged pipes were affected by the damaged location in the sewer pipe, the head on the water pipe, the distance between the damaged water pipe and outlet, and relative soil density. CONCLUSIONS: Sewer-pipe damage was considered a direct cause of road subsidence, and the cavity expanded discontinuously. When the outlet was located under the damaged water pipe, the cavity expanded in the water pipe’s direction, and collapse occurred above the pipe. However, when the outlet was located atop the damaged water pipe, the cavity expanded toward the outlet direction and resulted in a subsidence. Cavity expansion speed was affected by various conditions, such as the pipe’s water head, outlet position, distance between the damaged water pipe and outlet, and relative soil density. However, the cavity expansion shape did not affect factors, except for outlet position.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate of the effect of thermal segregation reduction in asphalt paving using material transfer vehicles (MTVs). METHODS: Asphalt paving using MTVs was carried out, and the paved surface temperature was measured using an infrared camera. The amount of thermal segregation was estimated from temperature variations. RESULTS : The transportation of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using dump trucks caused temperature segregation that persisted in the paving surface if an MTV was not used. The average temperature variation was 8.58% in paved surfaces where an MTV was not used. However, the temperature variation was 3.10%, 2.86%, and 4.53% for the base layer, inter-layer, and surface layer, respectively, when an MTV was used. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an MTV in asphalt paving reduces thermal segregation approximately 2.3 times in an asphalt mat via a remixing process and also allows for a smoother work process because the paver never needs to stop to receive HMA. However, MTV equipment without pre-heating devices requires careful temperature control during the warm up process at the MTV during construction in the winter.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to identify the road-subsidence mechanism in unsaturated sandy soils. METHODS: A series of soil chamber tests were conducted under various conditions. RESULTS: The cavity-expansion characteristics in unsaturated sandy soils due to seepage were affected by the outlet size, seepage intensity, relative density, and fine content. CONCLUSIONS: In unsaturated sandy soils, the cavity-expansion speed was affected by the outlet size, relative density, seepage intensity, and clay content; however, the cavity-expansion shape was very similar. As the outlet size and seepage intensity increased, the cavityexpansion speed increased. As the relative density increased, the cavity-expansion speed increased because of a sudden decrease in shear strength, resulting from the increased saturation (reduction of matric suction). The cavity expanded faster with the increasing clay content, up to a certain threshold. It expanded at a slower rate once it passed the threshold. Finally, it reached a stable state where the cavity did not expand due to seepage.

PURPOSES: This study identifies the causes and the mechanism of the occurrence of underground cavities. METHODS: A case study on cave-in and a series of model tests with a small soil chamber were conducted. RESULTS: A hypothesis about the mechanism of the cave-in in road was established, and the basic influencing factors on underground cavity expansion were identified. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the characteristics of shear strength of soil and direction of water flow had a larger influence on cavity formation and expansion than the characteristics of internal erosion. In addition, large cavities suddenly expanded when cavities were caused owing to breakage of buried sewer pipe.

최근 들어 도심지를 중심으로 도로함몰이 증가하고 있다. 도로함몰은 때로는 인명피해를 수반하는 심 각한 사고로 이어지기도 하고 교통흐름 방해를 초래하는 등 시민안전의 위협 요인이 되고 있다. 본 연구 에서는 도로함몰의 기초적인 매커니즘 규명을 위해 사례분석과 2차원 모형토조 시험을 수행하였다. 사례 분석을 통해 도로함몰의 공학적 특성과 매커니즘에 대한 가설을 수립하고 도로하부의 공동 발생･확장과 관련된 기본적인 영향요소를 도출하였다. 모형토조 시험은 다양한 조건에서의 도로함몰의 정성적인 특성 규명에 초점을 두고 진행하였고, 시험결과로부터 도로함몰의 기본적인 매커니즘을 제시하였다. 모형토조시험 결과, 동공의 발생 및 확장은 내부침식 특성보다는 토사의 전단강도 및 물의 흐름 방향이 중요한 영향요소로 나타났다. 하수관거의 손상에 의한 동공의 확장은 연속적으로 발생하는 것이 아니라 갑작스러운 확장 및 일시적 안정을 반복하는 형태로 나타나고, 손상된 하수관거 상부에 전단강도를 급격 하게 떨어뜨리면서 전체적인 동공의 발생 규모는 매우 큰 형태로 나타났다. 상수관과 하수관의 손상이 복 합적으로 발생한 경우, 동공은 상수관거 손상부위로 동공이 확장되었다.

PURPOSES: To evaluate the feasibility of cut waste fishing net as a reinforced fiber for concrete. METHODS: Strength characteristics of fiber reinforced concrete using waste fishing net were investigated. The cut waste fishing nets with 4~5cm length were putted into the soil-cement and cement concrete for pavement slab. RESULTS: Compression and tensile strength of fiber reinforced concrete using waste fishing net were increased. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that cut waste fishing net can be used as a reinforced fiber for cement concrete. However, sometimes using cut waste fishing net leads to decrease the strength; therefore, further researches are needed for real project.

표고버섯은 농산버섯을 포함한 버섯산업 중에서 생산액 1위, 생산량 4위를 차지하는 대표적인 임산버섯이며, 임가의 중요한 소득작목이다. 그러나 표고 원목재배를 하고 있는 임가들은 표고원목 수급에 많은 애로를 겪고 있으며, 이러한 공급 부족현상은 재배임가의 증가와 더불어 더 심화될 전망이다. 2013년 10월부터 2014년 2월까지 전국 표고재배 임가 중 126 가구를 대상으로 현황을 조사한 결과, 표고 원목재배는 시설재배 79%, 노지와 시설재배의 병행 7%, 노지재배 14%로 나타났다. 국가산림자원조사 자료를 분석한 결과, 표고원목으로 가장 많이 쓰이고 있고 있는 상수리나무의 자원량은 전국적으로 소경목 25,021ha(1,936천㎥)이고, 중경목 65,855ha(8,325천㎥)가 분포하며, 소경목과 중경목의 분포면적은 약 90,875ha에 달한다. 최근 전국의 표고원목 평균 사용량 약 45,000개를 기준으로 분석한 결과, 표고원목 생산림으로 필요한 상수리나무림의 최소면적은 약 100,000ha로서 현재 우리나라의 상수리나무림 자원량으로는 보속생산이 어려운 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 향후 상수리나무 표고원목을 안정적으로 수급하기 더욱 어려워질 위험이 높다. 따라서 중장기적으로 표고원목의 안정적 수급체계를 마련하기 위해서는 근본적으로 표고원목으로 가장 선호되고 있는 상수리나무의 임분을 늘리고 표고원목의 보속생산을 위한 종합관리체계 마련이 필요하다. 현재 우리나라는 전국적으로 표고원목용 임분의 후계림이 제대로 조성·관리되고 있지 않으므로, 표고원목 생산림의 별도 지정을 통한 관리 체계를 구축하고 강화할 필요가 있다. 또한 표고원목의 원활한 생산을 위한 조림 및 윤벌체계 시행을 통해 적시에 양질의 표고원목을 공급을 통한 표고버섯의 생산증대 및 경쟁력 강화를 위한 종합관리체계 마련이 시급하다.

PURPOSES : In Korea, most designs of pavement had been mainly performed by considering CBR of granular materials before KPRP(Korea Pavement Research Program) and 86 AASHTO design method were introduced. Since then, the trend of the pavement designs gradually have moved to using mechanical characteristics throughout the resilient modulus based on the test results up to recently. In this study, we should like to research the mechanical characteristics of paving materials containing Recycled aggregates through the cyclic loading triaxial compression tests. METHODS : The kinds of materials were tested; coarse grained subbase materials, refining aggregates base materials and recycled aggregates. RESULTS : The present study aims to figure out the resilient modulus of paving materials containing Recycled aggregates through the cyclic loading triaxial compression tests. CONCLUSIONS : The test results revealed that the engineering properties of the recycled aggregates were more excellent than the those of others.

PURPOSES: This study is to evaluate a ground water level effect on frost heaving in road pavements. METHODS: The effects of water table on frost heaving in pavement systems were evaluated from the mechanical analysis using FROST program. The input parameters and boundary conditions were determined by considering climates, pavement sections, and material properties specially subgrade soil types in Korea. RESULTS: When the water table located above the freezing depth, amount of frost heaving caused by freezing the water in pavement itself was big enough to damage in pavement system, although pavement system consists of fully non-frost-susceptible materials with sufficient thickness of anti-freezing layer. The amount of frost heaving was decreased rapidly with increasing the distance between the water table and freezing depth. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that there is no engineering problems related with frost heaving in practical sense when the distance between freezing depth and water table is over 1.5m for having subgrade soils less than 50% of #200 sieve passing to meet specification on quality control in Korea.

노상토의 동상 가능성이 없는 경우 동상방지층을 생략한다. 이러한 조건에서 노상토의 동결 융해가 발생하면, 동상이 없는 상태에서 탄성계수 변화를 수반하고, 포장설계에서 이를 합당하게 고려해야 한다. 동결 융해 과정의 연속적인 탄성계수 변화를 효과적으로 규명하고자 비파괴시험인 충격공진시험(IR, Impact Resonance)을 도입하였다. 동결 융해 과정에서 수분의 공급이 차단된 폐쇄형 동결조건에서 노상토의 탄성계수는 동결 융해 반복횟수에 무관하게 일정한 값으로 나타났다. 또한 시험에 적용한 모든 함수비 및 다짐도 조건에서 동결전의 탄성계수와 동결 융해 후의 탄성계수는 변화가 거의 없이 일정한 값으로 나타났다. 즉 폐쇄형 동결 융해 조건에서는 노상토의 융해 강성도 감소(thaw-weakening)가 발생하지 않았다. 동결시 탄성계수는 다짐도 및 함수비에 따라서 변화하였으나, 포장설계 관점에서는 무시 가능한 수준으로 나타났다.

입도조정기층 재료의 역학적 특성평가를 위하여 15개 시료에 대해 반복재하 삼축압축시험, CBR 시험, 투수계수시험을 수행하였다. 입도조정기층 재료의 CBR 값은 32~110 범위(평균 81)에서 매우 폭넓게 결정되었으며, 수침조건에서 팽창량은 0.04mm 이하로 나타났다. 입도조정기층 재료의 탄성계수는 체적응력의 영향을 매우 크게 받았으며 선형체적응력모델의 적용성이 가장 뛰어남을 확인하였다. 입도조정기층 재료의 탄성계수는 100MPa~600MPa, 모델계수 k1은 80~270, 모델계수 k2는 0.1~0.6 사이에서 결정 되었다. 체가름시험과 다짐시험에서 결정된 지수물성치로부터 입도조정기층 재료의 탄성계수를 결정하는 경험모형을 제안하였다. 제안된 경험모형의 결정계수는 모델계수 k1 결정에 있어서는 0.423, 모델계수 k2 결정에 있어서는 0.920, 응력단계별 탄성계수 결정에 있어서는 0.872로 평가되었다.