The use of unapproved parts in military aircraft is increasing due to parts obsolescence, urgent operational demands, and domestic localization efforts. Such components pose significant risks to airworthiness certification systems, particularly in design conformity, documentation, and traceability. This study identifies key risk factors associated with unapproved parts and analyzes the structural causes of certification gaps, based on real-world cases from field maintenance and operations. Risk assessment tools including Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and the Bow-Tie model are employed to quantify and visualize critical failure points. Based on the findings, this paper proposes institutional and technological countermeasures, including a conditional approval framework, an integrated certification data platform, and a digital traceability system. The research contributes to improving airworthiness practices by providing a balanced approach that enhances both safety and operational flexibility.

This study investigates how component standardization influences the efficiency and timeline of airworthiness certification in defense and aerospace system development. Airworthiness certification processes are often delayed due to design changes, redundant testing, and component obsolescence. By analyzing military standards (e.g., MIL-STD-810, MIL-STD-961) and institutional data from the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) and Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), this paper examines the potential benefits and limitations of using standardized parts. The study identifies key mechanisms through which standardization reduces certification time, such as test data reuse, reduced redesign efforts, and improved supply chain stability. The integration of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems further enhances documentation, traceability, and approval workflows. However, constraints such as the need for high-performance custom parts, initial investment costs, and supply chain risks are also discussed. This paper concludes by proposing a strategic framework for implementing standardization with PLM linkage and suggests future directions for quantitative model development and policy integration.

주소는 공간정보 기술과 데이터의 발전으로 기존의 의미를 넘어 다양한 기능과 의미로 확장되고 있다. 특히, 새로운 주소체계 도입과 주소정보 및 데이터 고도화로 주소 관련 연구의 영역은 점차 확장되고 있으나, 이를 종합적으로 정리한 연구는 부족하다. 본 연구는 국내 학술논문 데이터베이스 KCI, DBPIA, RISS에 출판된 1997년 이후의 학술논문의 제목과 초록에 대해서 LDA 토픽 모델링을 활용하여 주소정보 및 주소데이터 연구의 토픽을 통합적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 주소정 보에서 5개, 주소데이터에서 6개의 토픽을 추출하였고, IDM을 통해 토픽들을 구조화하였다. 본 연구는 국내 주소 관련 연구의 전반적인 연구 동향을 파악함으로써 현재까지의 주소 연구 흐름을 종합하고 연구 주제의 방향 정립에 기여할 수 있다.

Recent advances in autonomous flight, electric propulsion, and distributed architectures have enabled the rapid emergence of future air systems such as AAVs, UAVs, and eVTOL aircraft, whose software-intensive and autonomous operational characteristics differ fundamentally from those of conventional manned aircraft. This study analyzes the technical and operational characteristics of these systems and identifies structural gaps in existing airworthiness certification frameworks, discussing the applicability of performance-based certification, risk-based airworthiness approaches, and digital airworthiness concepts as practical directions for future certification reform.

Unapproved parts are increasingly used in military aircraft due to part obsolescence, urgent operational needs, and domestic localization efforts. While such parts may offer short-term flexibility, they pose serious challenges to the integrity of airworthiness certification systems, which rely on part conformity, traceability, and validated performance data. This study identifies and classifies the key risks associated with unapproved parts and applies structured risk assessment tools—Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and the Bow-Tie Risk Model—to quantify and visualize potential failures. Risk elements such as functional mismatch, lack of traceability, and insufficient certification data are prioritized using the Risk Priority Number (RPN) metric. Additionally, the study proposes institutional improvements such as digital traceability systems, conditional approval frameworks, and shared certification databases to mitigate these risks. The findings contribute to enhancing both the safety and flexibility of the airworthiness certification process, particularly in contexts where non-standard parts cannot be avoided. This research offers a practical approach for integrating risk-based thinking into component approval, providing a framework that balances operational demands with safety assurance.

서해 연안에서 중국의 해양 진출이 점진적으로 확대되는 가운데, 서해5도를 포함하여 경기만 인근의 영해기점 공백은 단순한 기술적 미비를 넘어 관할권 행사와 해양질서 관리의 기준을 불명확하게 하여 국가안보·해양주권 수호에 부 담을 안기고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 (i) 유엔해양법협약상 기선제도의 의의를 검토한 후에 국내·외 직선기선 운용 현황을 비교하고, (ii) 헌법재판소 2017헌마202 판결을 분석하여 영해기점 미설정 문제가 사법적 판단에서 충분히 포착되 지 못한 구조적 한계를 도출하며, (iii) 관할권 및 안보의 두 축에서 영해기점 설 정 공백이 초래하는 실질적 위험을 규명한다. 특히 통상기선 적용을 전제로 할 경우, 연평도와 소청도 사이 약 27해리 해역이 배타적경제수역으로 남아 항행 사고 등 발생 시 기국주의 원칙에 따라 형사재판 관할권 행사에 제약이 발생하 고, 수도권 관문에 해당하는 해역에서 외국(특히 중국) 정부 선박의 활동에 대 한 통제·대응이 약화될 수 있음을 논한다. 이를 바탕으로 NLL 질서와의 연계, 국제법적 정당성, 외교·안보 관리 부담을 종합적으로 고려하여 소령도–가지도 (안)과 소령도–소청도(안) 두 가지 영해기점 설정 방안을 제시하고, 기점 간 거 리 및 본토 이격거리 등을 기준으로 각 안의 적합성을 비교한다. 비교 결과, 소 령도–가지도(안)은 수역의 관할 공백 해소와 외적 위험 요소들의 관리 가능성 을 함께 고려한 대안으로 제시하였다.

This study investigates the effects of digital interface structure on the operational performance of unmanned and manned–unmanned integrated mechanical systems from a human factors perspective. Using case-based comparative analysis, changes in response time, operation error rate, and situational awareness accuracy before and after interface redesign were examined. The results indicate that improvements in interface integration, procedural simplification, and consistency significantly enhance operational performance without modifying mechanical hardware or control algorithms. The study highlights the importance of incorporating human factors engineering into the early design and evaluation stages of complex mechanical systems.

Modern warfare demands a high level of coordination and interoperability among multiple combat vehicles and crew members operating in dynamic and complex environments. Traditional training methods are often limited in scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, making it challenging to effectively prepare forces for future battlefield scenarios. To address these limitations, this study presents the development of a Multiple Combat Vehicle Integrated Training Device, a next-generation simulation-based training system. The MCITD integrates advanced technologies such as Extended Reality, Digital Twin modeling, and Artificial Intelligence to deliver immersive, interactive, and highly realistic training experiences. The system allows for simultaneous training of multiple crew members in a networked environment that replicates real-world combat conditions, including terrain, weather, and adversary behavior. Key system components, including the simulation module, network communication framework, battlefield environment generator, and performance analysis engine, are discussed in detail. Potential application scenarios such as large-scale land operations, urban warfare, and multinational joint training exercises are also explored. The MCITD aims to enhance combat readiness, mission success, and training efficiency by providing a cost-effective, scalable, and adaptable solution for future-oriented military training programs.

With recent advances in autonomous flight, electric propulsion, distributed propulsion systems, and unmanned technologies, future air systems such as Advanced Air Vehicles (AAVs), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft are rapidly emerging. However, existing airworthiness certification standards have been primarily developed for manned fixed-wing aircraft and therefore exhibit structural limitations when applied to these new classes of air systems. Conventional airworthiness criteria are largely based on pilot-centered operational assumptions, hardware-oriented safety verification, and test- and documentation-driven certification processes. As a result, their application to future air systems— characterized by autonomous flight software, electric and distributed propulsion, and hybrid civil–military operational concepts—may lead to excessive certification scope, inefficient verification processes, and extended certification timelines. This study analyzes the key technological characteristics of future air systems and systematically identifies the limitations of existing airworthiness standards from the perspectives of propulsion systems, flight control, software safety, and operational concepts. Based on this analysis, the study highlights the necessity of adopting performance-based and risk-based certification approaches and discusses preliminary directions for improving airworthiness frameworks suitable for future air systems.

This study explores the critical interrelationship between component standardization and airworthiness certification in the context of military aircraft systems. As the complexity and technological integration of modern defense platforms increase, the alignment between standardized component frameworks and evolving airworthiness requirements becomes essential to ensure operational reliability, safety, and maintainability. The current defense acquisition and certification systems often operate in a decoupled manner, leading to duplicated testing, certification delays, and cost overruns. Through comparative analysis of national and international certification protocols (MIL-HDBK-516, NATO STANAG, EASA SIB), this paper identifies structural inefficiencies in managing non-standardized or partially certified components. Based on these findings, the study proposes a function-based integrated management system that enables data synchronization across standard parts databases, quality records, and certification requirements. The proposed framework consists of four core modules: (1) standard part information management, (2) quality assurance and test linkage, (3) certification support engine, and (4) lifecycle risk monitoring. The study also anticipates quantifiable improvements such as reduced certification time and improved audit traceability. The results provide practical and policy implications for enhancing the interoperability, reliability, and export competitiveness of domestic defense platforms.

As modern weapon systems become increasingly complex, the need for integrated management of component standardization and airworthiness certification has grown significantly. This study proposes a system-based approach to establish an integrated management framework that addresses inefficiencies, certification delays, and supply chain risks inherent in current military aircraft development processes. The research reviews the functional scope of component standardization and compares airworthiness certification systems across domestic and international defense sectors. It identifies limitations caused by the fragmented management of parts and certification processes, and proposes a digital platform that interconnects parts databases, configuration control, quality assurance, and certification modules. The framework incorporates AI and digital twin technologies to monitor and manage reliability across the entire life cycle of a weapon system. This study lays the foundation for enhancing the operational efficiency of national defense technologies, and contributes to strengthening the autonomy and global competitiveness of the Korean defense industry.

This study examines the effects of additive manufacturing (AM) orientations and support structures on the compressive strength of lattice structures. Test specimens were fabricated using a selective laser melting (SLM) process with AlSi10Mg material under three conditions: horizontally aligned (0°), tilted at 45°, and supported. Compression tests were conducted using a universal testing machine (UTM) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to evaluate mechanical behavior. The results showed that the supported horizontal specimens exhibited the highest compressive strength, while the 45° tilted specimens had the lowest due to interlayer separation and localized failures. The findings highlight the significance of build orientation and support design in optimizing AM lattice structures. Future research should explore various lattice configurations, material selections, and post-processing effects to further enhance structural performance.

본 논문은 선박·항만안전과 운항(영)의 효율성 확보를 위해 도입된 강제도선의 법적 문제점을 검토하고, 관공선 운항 사례를 중심으로 그 적용상의 불합리성과 형평성 문제를 분석하였다. 해군 및 해양경찰 함정의 경우, 별도의 군 도선사 제도와 자력도선을 통해 묵시적으로 강제도선 적용을 배제하고 있으나, 이는 법령상의 명확한 근거 없이 행정해석에 의존하는 문제를 야기하여 법률유보원칙과 예측가능성에 저촉되는 것으로 보인다. 또한, 관공선 중 실습선만 유일하게 동일한 공익 목적에도 불구하고 차별적 규제가 적용되어 자의 금지원칙 및 평등 원칙에 저촉됨을 확인하였다. 이에, 본 연구는 강제도선 적용 대상 및 예외 규정을 명확히 하고, 운항목적·안전성 평가· 승무원의 숙련도 등을 종합적으로 고려한 세부기준 마련의 필요성을 제시하며, 실습선의 경우 도선구 내 항로 사용을 한정한 자력도선 허용 방안과 이외 관공선은 강제도선 면제에 관한 법적 근거를 마련하는 것을 입법적 개선안으로 제안하였다. 추가로 실습선의 경우 향 후 사고 없이 항만 내에서 선박운항을 수행한다면 다른 관공선과 함께 전면적인 강제도선 면제방안을 제시하는 것도 법리적으로 혹은 비 교법적으로도 무리는 없어 보임으로 추가적인 개정안을 제안하였다.

2019년 발생한 코로나 팬데믹은 백신의 지역별 불평등 분배를 야기하며 백신의 수급은 사회･정치적 문제로 확장되어 왔다. 의료 자원에 대한 공급과 수요를 예측하고 조정하는 것은 향후 발생할 수 있는 팬데믹 위기 해결의 실마리가 된다. 본 연구는 백신이라는 한정된 의료 자원의 공간적 형평성을 달성하는 것을 목적으로, 머신러닝을 통해 미래 서울시 인구 및 공간적 백신 접근성을 예측하였다. 공간분석 분야에서 공간접근성을 측정하는 데에 통용적으로 활용되는 2SFCA(Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method) 방법론으로 백신의 공급처인 병원의 접근성을 파악하였다. 2017년 부터 2023년까지의 백신 접근성 및 백신 취약지를 도출한 뒤, 발생 핫스팟(Emerging Hot Spot) 탐색으로 과거부터 미래까지의 분포 변화를 분석하였다. 대한민국 의료 거점지인 서울시 백신 접근성의 측정 결과, 향후 백신 접근성은 전역적으로 감소할 것으로 보이며 특히 북부지역 비롯한 외곽지역이 접근성 취약지역으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 서울의 시공간적인 백신 공급을 예측 및 분석하여 향후 발생할 수 있을 팬데믹 상황에 대비한 백신 취약지를 보완할 수 있는 지표를 완성하였다. 연구 결과는 백신 취약지역을 효과적으로 탐색할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 미래 효과적인 백신 분배 정책에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

This paper delves into the standard system for selecting aviation tools. Generally, standards are seen as foundational and fundamental. However, in actual practice, there are often instances where a thorough differentiation of the standard unit system isn't properly executed, resulting in product defects in certain companies. Therefore, through the insights gathered in this study, we aim to reaffirm the basic principles and move forward with the objective of manufacturing products of impeccable quality in accordance with future quality improvement policies. Ultimately, we aspire for K-Defense to emerge as a prominent leader in the global market.

This paper studied a new shape unit model based on Gibson and Ashby's theory. As a result of theoretical research, the relative density equation is correlated with relative elasticity, and through this study, the theoretical relationship between the relative elasticity equation was defined. The relative elasticity equation was defined based on the model for which the analysis was performed. According to the analysis results, the diameter of the model was set to 3 mm, and the maximum stress values were confirmed by reflecting the same boundary conditions. The maximum stress for each model is 5668.9MPa for Type 1, 5136.7MPa for Type 2, 5642MPa for Type 3, and 6032.9MPa for Type 4 when the truss diameter is 3mm. The relative elasticity equation was defined based on this condition. In the future, compression analysis will have to be performed in the same way, reflecting the diameter of the truss at 5 mm and 7 mm, to find and define the coefficients of the relative elasticity equation, and verification through experiments will have to be carried out based on the theoretical equation. In addition, in order to be applied in each field, proof through prototype production and installation must be carried out.