이 연구는 T. S. 엘리엇의 초기 시를 쥬디스 버틀러의 젠더 수행성과 젠더 우울증 개념을 기반으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 버틀러의 젠더 트러블에서 제시된 젠더 수행성에 따르면 젠더는 한 개인의 내 적이고 본질적인 중심을 표현한 것이 아니라 제스처, 옷 입는 방법 등 과 같은 행위에 의해 구성된다. 젠더는 반복되고 축적되며 그렇게 해서 응축되어서 자연적인 것처럼 보이게 된다. 버틀러는 젠더 우울증을 젠 더화된 정체성의 “절대로-절대로 구조” 혹은 동성애 부인에 대한 “절대 로-절대로 구조”라고 불렀다. ｢프루프록의 연가｣, ｢여인의 초상｣같은 엘 리엇의 초기 시를 젠더 수행성 개념을 통해 살펴볼 때 시의 화자들이 기대되는 젠더 역할들을 수행하려고 하지만 실패하고 여성과의 관계 형 성도 실패한다. 일부 비평가들은 엘리엇의 작품을 동성애 관점에서 살 펴보았고, 라모스는 엘리엇 작품에서 발견되는 애가적 특징에 동성애적 인 의미가 엮여 있다고 주장하였다. 이런 애가적 특징은 엘리엇의 초기 작품, 특히 황무지 4부 ｢수사｣에서 나타나고 있다.

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” and “Portrait of a Lady,” two major works of T. S. Eliot’s early poems, have been regarded as a kind of ramatic monologues. Many critics indicated that Eliot’s use of dramatic monologue was different from Victorian poets’, so they called Eliot’s dramatic monologues “interior monologues” or “psychologues.” However, some critics like Won-Chung Kim insisted that Eliot’s and Robert Browning’s dramatic monologues shared some characteristics by comparing their masterpieces, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” and “My Last Duchess.” In this paper, my premise is that Eliot’s dramatic monologues are different from Victorian poets’ like Browning’s because I think that Eliot changed the technique of dramatic monologue to reflect the spirit of his age, that is, the beginning of the 20th century. In the early 20th century, many writers including Eliot thought that the self is illogical and split, and claimed that they should focus on the human consciousness and try to find the method to express it. In his early poems, Eliot expressed the speakers’ consciousness that was divided. Some critics has also indicated that the speakers of Eliot’ early poems have self-conscious character caused by the split self. To create this character of the speakers, I think, Eliot adapted the technique of dramatic monologue. While the traditional dramatic monologues focus on showing the speakers’ values, Eliot’s show the conflict of the speakers’ doubling self that produces the effect of irony. The speakers’ doubling self consists of the superficial and the fundamental self. One represents the self that tries to conform to the life style of the bourgeois world and is very concerned about people’s judgment. The other represents the self that longs for something higher, more emotional and spiritual. When this doubling self collides with each other and causes conflict, the speaker observes himself in a dramatic way, that is, as a object. Then, the speaker returns to his daily life again.

T. S. Eliot as a “moralist” or “critic of life” shows deep concern for the moral question, ‘how to live.’ Because Eliot experienced the tragic vision of life, he apprehended clearly the differences between failed “unlived life,” and genuine “buried life” or “fullness of life” as expressed in the characters of Henry James and in Matthew Arnold’s poem. “Portrait of a Lady” is a prime example of the “unlived life.” Like a spectator of life, the young male speaker in “Portrait of a Lady” leads a spiritually and morally dead “unlived life.” He shrinks away from his real life and a human relationship with the older lady, who wants friendship or sympathy from him. His passivity and selfishness toward life result in frustration, self-destructiveness and nothingness. So he as a force of evil obstructs the spiritual growth of the other people like a lady, and cannot change his fake life into a new meaningful life in a society. Eliot understands well the negative aspect of life, and by describing it vividly in “Portrait of a Lady,” he warns us not to waste life vainly but try to “live fully” finding a kind of deep, vital, satisfying, emotional “buried life” as a whole human being.

This paper purports to read “Portrait of a Lady” in terms of Henry James’ influence. Unlike the influence of French Symbolist poets, H. James’s influence has not drawn many critical attentions. Eliot is greatly indebted to H. James in many ways. First of all, it is James from whom Eliot had learned that poetry ought to be as well written as prose. Also, as Eliot himself said, he was stimulated by the method to make a place real not descriptively but by something happening there and to let a situation, a relation, and an atmosphere give only what the writer wants in James’s stories. Under the inspiration of James, Eliot can cultivate his gift for dramatic verse. So, we can say the dramatic quality of Eliot’s poetry which is no less than in James’s stories, is not irrelevant to the Jamesian method. Considering such influence of James, this paper aims at comparing Eliot’s “Portrait of a Lady” and James’s The Portrait of a Lady and “The Beast in the Jungle”, in the light of the character’s failure and frustration. Especially, Eliot’s “Portrait of a Lady” and James’s “The Beast in the Jungle” portray a man who fails in having relations with a woman in common. In both of works, each man is distinctively selfish. We can investigate more concretely in what ways “the egotism of a man” is expressed and presented as a hindrance in human relations in both works.

How does T. S. Eliot represent women in his poetry? One of the recent arguments puts forward stresses Eliot’s way of describing negative aspects of women in his poetry, while ignoring any good qualities that they may have had. However, a careful study of Eliot’s early poetry shows women torn by the pain of abandonment, betrayal, fear, isolation and loneliness. Furthermore, it is not easy to find the poet’s sympathetic attitude toward women throughout his early poetry. This study aims at investigating the sources of the frustration, failure and unhappiness through the polyphonic voices of man and woman heard in “Portrait of a Lady,” while considering the real sense of Eliot’s attitude toward women. The poem ends in unresolved pain and uncertainty, suffered by men and women alike, which implicitly shows the agony and isolation that people must encounter in human relationships. It is usually apparent when they recognize their own destiny and their confused feelings and longings. In the final analysis, it basically derives from the existential recognition of human beings.