개종 이후 T. S. 엘리엇은 문학 평가에 있어 엄격한 도덕적이고 종교적인 면을 강조한다. 󰡔낯선 신을 찾아서: 현대 이단의 입문서󰡕에서 엘리엇은 도덕가로서 ‘전통,’ ‘정통,’ ‘이단’ 그리고 ‘모독’이란 비평의 개념을 전개시키면서 현대 문학의 효용성을 평가한다. 토마스 하디는 불가지론자, 무신론자로서 여러 시를 통해 하나님을 부정하고 구원을 거부하고 예수님의 존재의 의미를 이해하지 못하는 내용을 표현한다. 엘리엇은 전통적인 종교적 신앙인 기독교 정통에서 벗어나 자신만의 개성을 강조하고, 자유주의적 윤리나 종교, 퇴폐적인 감상주의, 기괴함 그리고 악마적인 요소를 시에 드러내며 자신만의 ‘낯선 신’이나 신화를 찾는 하디를 󰡔낯선 신을 찾아서󰡕에서 ‘이단’으로 공격한다. 본고에서는 하디의 시를 통해 “믿음의 징조”인 ‘모독’과는 다른 특징을 가진 그의 이단성을 살펴본다.

T. E. 흄은 인간은 본질적으로 선하다는 인간에 대한 “인본주의적 태 도”와 인간은 원죄를 갖고 태어난 본성이 악한, 고정된 그리고 한정된 존재라는 인간 본성에 대한 “종교적 태도”를 대비시킨다. 흄은 인간 본 성에 대한 “종교적 태도”를 가진다. 따라서 흄은 인간을 다스릴 훈련, 질서 그리고 조직이 필요하다고 말한다. 또한 흄은 인간은 불완전하기 에 필연적으로 완전한 존재인 하나님을 믿게 된다고 언급한다. 흄의 영 향으로 흄과 유사한 인간관과 도덕관 그리고 종교관을 갖게 된 T. S. 엘리엇은 「작은 영혼」에서 인간의 한계성을 인정하며 인간이 올바르게 성장하기 위해서는 훈련이나 억제 그리고 기도 같은 초월적 힘이 필요 하다는 도덕적 안내자의 모습을 보여준다. 본고에서는 이런 점에서 결 국은 죽음으로 끝나버리는 허망한 인간의 성장을 흄의 인간에 대한 “종 교적 태도”를 통해 살펴보면서 엘리엇의「작은 영혼」에 그려진 삶에 도 덕적이고 종교적인 의미를 부여해보았다.

Biblical Simeon in Luke 2:25-35 is an old and devout Jew who sees Infant Christ by the Holy Ghost. Simeon becomes a unique man. He is between in the pre-Christian world and in the Christian world. Like Simeon, T. S. Eliot begins his new religious life as a result of his conversion in 1927. However, Eliot’s conversion involves rather spiritual agony or pain than joy. In this respect, Eliot dramatizes his conversion through his “correlative” or persona Simeon by adding a dark side of the Christian belief to Biblical Simeon’s narrative in “A Song for Simeon.” In this process, Eliot tries to identify himself with his “correlative” or detach himself from him to explore his Christian faith based on the Bible story. For Eliot, “A Song for Simeon” is a song for an interpretation of his painful religious journey toward a true Christian life through his own Simeon.

After conversion, T. S. Eliot’s religious phrase generates a new kind of experimental form like an unfinished two-part poem Coriolan. The first fragment, “Triumphal March” shows the distance and juxtaposition of the two worlds: the worthless secular world of common people and transcendental reality of war hero Coriolan symbolized as “the still point of the turning world.” In the second fragment “Difficulties of a Statesman,” Eliot describes an anguish soldier-statesman Coriolan facing difficulties of leading public after the war. In this respect political leader Coriolan craves spiritual redemption for his desperate emotional emptiness as a result of rootless human relationship with his people and losing his real identity of “the still point of the turning world.” Coriolan study in terms of Christian symbol of “the still point of the turning world” contains important echoes of poems such as Ash Wednesday and Ariel Poems. It also foreshadows Eliot’s later recurrent images used in Choruses from The Rock and Four Quartets as well as his poetic dramas.

T. S. Eliot as a “moralist” or “critic of life” shows deep concern for the moral question, ‘how to live.’ Because Eliot experienced the tragic vision of life, he apprehended clearly the differences between failed “unlived life,” and genuine “buried life” or “fullness of life” as expressed in the characters of Henry James and in Matthew Arnold’s poem. “Portrait of a Lady” is a prime example of the “unlived life.” Like a spectator of life, the young male speaker in “Portrait of a Lady” leads a spiritually and morally dead “unlived life.” He shrinks away from his real life and a human relationship with the older lady, who wants friendship or sympathy from him. His passivity and selfishness toward life result in frustration, self-destructiveness and nothingness. So he as a force of evil obstructs the spiritual growth of the other people like a lady, and cannot change his fake life into a new meaningful life in a society. Eliot understands well the negative aspect of life, and by describing it vividly in “Portrait of a Lady,” he warns us not to waste life vainly but try to “live fully” finding a kind of deep, vital, satisfying, emotional “buried life” as a whole human being.

T. S. Eliot’s darkest poem, “The Hollow Men”(1925) dramatizes the spiritual and emotional sterility of the hollow men who are at the bottom of the abyss. In “The Hollow Men”, the hollow men or stuffed scarecrow men in the sinful or fallen “death’s dream kingdom” are called to rearrange their death-in-life but they are appalled to do any significant actions or decisions. And they don’t have any courage to take part in the final meeting in “twilight kingdom,” a kind of painful but hopeful transitional stage between “death’s dream kingdom” and “death’s other Kingdom”, because they face the truth about themselves and their past lives in this “dream crossed twilight between birth and dying.” So they shrink from crossing to the “death’s other Kingdom,” Kingdom of God where there are blessed divine vision of “eyes”, “perpetual star”, and “multifoliate rose.” In spite of the potentiality of their salvation, they are unable to attain rebirth or vision in the higher dream because of their inertia and spiritual aridity. The unhappy period in his life at the time of publishing “The Hollow Men” led Eliot to change his life and convert to Christianity in 1927. In this respect we can regard “The Hollow Men”, as a prelude or a vision of Eliot‘s New Life from nadir of despair through humility to thirst for divine love.