본 논문은 초기 계몽주의 이론가이자 작곡가였던 라모가 자신의 첫 음악비극 ≪이폴리트와 아리시≫의 프롤로그에서 이성과 감성으로 치환할 수 있는 디안과 라무르를 어떻게 음악적으로 처리하였는지 살펴보고자 한 것이다. 라모는 질서를 세우는 디안을 장조성(D, G, A)으로, 그리고 낭송적이고 화성적으로 작곡한 반면, 질서를 깨트리는 라무르를 단조성(b, f＃)으로, 그리고 장식적이고 모방적으로 작곡하였다. 이러한 음악적 대비를 통해, 라모가 디안과 라무르를 음악적으로 대립시켰을 뿐 아니라, 더 나아가 라모의 이론을 통해 장조성의 디안을 단조성의 라무르보다 더 우월하게 여겼음을 추측하여 볼 수 있다. 그러나 라모는 디안(D)과 라무르(b)를 조성적으로 가깝게 설정함으로써, 두 신을 극렬하게 대비시키기보다는 조화롭게 바라보았다. 그리고 이는 계몽주의 시대의 이성과 감성을 바라본 시각이기도 했다.

This paper examines four genre paintings on the subject of child education by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin(1699-1779). The Governess, The Diligent Mother, Saying Grace, and The Morning Toilette garnered critical attention after they were exhibited in the Salon from 1739 to 1741. After the exhibition, the paintings were made into prints and frequently sold to members of the bourgeois class in Paris. The iconographical details of Chardin’s genre paintings have, thus far, been compared to Dutch genre pictures of the seventeenth century. Further, most studies conducted on Chardin’s paintings focus on formal analysis rather than the historical and social contexts. Through attempting social-contextual readings of Chardin’s educational series, this paper argues that the significance of Chardin’s painting series of child education lies in his representation of the ideal French bourgeois family and the standard of early childhood education in the eighteenth-century French Enlightenment period. In each of the four child education paintings, Chardin depicted a mother with children in a domestic space. Even though this theme derives from traditional Dutch genre paintings in the seventeenth century, the visual motifs, the pictorial atmosphere and the painting techniques of Chardin all project the social culture of eighteenth century France. Each painting in the child education series exemplifies respectively the attire of a French gentlemen, the social view on womanhood and the education of girls, newly established table manners, and the dressing up culture in a ‘toilette’ in eighteenth century France. Distinct from other educational scenes in previous genre paintings, Chardin accentuated the naive and innocent characteristics of a child and exemplified the mother’s warmth toward that child in her tender facial expressions and gesturing. These kinds of expressions illustrate the newly structured standard of education in the French Enlightenment period. Whereas medieval people viewed children as immature and useless, people in the eighteenth century began to recognize children for their more positive features. They compared children to a blank piece of paper (tabula rasa), which signified children’s innocence, and suggested that children possess neither good nor bad virtues. This positive perspective on children slowly transformed the pedagogical methods. Teaching manuals instructed governesses and mothers to respect each child’s personality rather than be strict and harsh to them. Children were also allotted more playtimes, which explains the display of various toys in the backgrounds of Chardin’s series of four paintings. Concurrently, the interior, where this exemplary education was executed, alludes to the virtue of the bourgeois’s moderate and thrifty daily life in eighteenth century France. While other contemporary painters preferred to depict the extravagant living space of a French bourgeoisie, Chardin portrayed a rather modest and cozy home interior. In contrast to the highly decorated living space of aristocrats, he presented the realistic, humble domestic space of a bourgeois, filled with modern household objects. In addition, the mother is exceptionally clad in working clothes instead of fashionable dresses of the moment. Fit to take care of household affairs and children, the mother represents the ideal virtues of a bourgeois family. It can be concluded that the four genre paintings of child education by Chardin articulate the new standards of juvenile education in eighteenth century France as well as the highly recognized social virtues between French bourgeois families. Thus, Chardin's series of child education would have functioned as a demonstration of the ideal living standards of the bourgeois class and their emphasis on early childhood education in the French Enlightenment period.

This study aims at showing how C.N.Ledoux applied architecturally the idea of Enlightenment in the Ideal City. Enlightenment of 18th century not only developed neo-classicism in the field of art, but also brought about the changes of ideology and philosophy of the era. C.N.Ledoux, one of the most influential architects of this period, expressed abstractly and symbolically the essential idea of Enlightenment; the skepticism of God's authority, the liberty and equality of man, charity and the willingness of controlling the power of nature, and so on.

본 연구의 목적은 행복에 대한 웨슬리의 관점은 무엇이며 웨슬리의 시대 인 계몽주의 시대 속에서 그의 관점이 어떠한 의미가 있는지를 살펴보는데 있다. 당시 계몽주의 시대에 사람들은 즉각적인 만족감을 동반하는 감각적 쾌락들을 행복과 연결시키는 경향이 만연했다. 이러한 시대 환경 속에서 웨 슬리는 자신이 말하고자 하는 행복은 “아마도 같은 시간에 시작해서 끝나 는 가볍고 사소한 쾌락이 아니라 영혼을 만족시키는 웰빙(well-being)의 상 태로서 꾸준하고 지속적인 만족감을 주는” 것을 의미한다고 말하며 행복과 성결을 연결시켰다. 즉 웨슬리는 인간 삶의 진정한 목적으로서의 행복이 성 결과 함께 한다고 주장했다. 웨슬리는 이러한 결합을 통해 인간 존재와 인 간 삶의 목적인 탐구의 정당성을 주장하고 기독자의 변화된 삶의 당위성을 설명했다.