이 논문은 늙음에 대해서 쓴 예이츠의 시들을 연구한다. 지금까지 늙음 과 관련된 많은 시들의 논의가 있어왔지만, 이졸트 곤과 관련된 시들에 초점을 맞추는 일은 드물었다. 나이가 들어감에도 더욱 왕성해지는 열정 때문에, 늙음의 문제는 시인 에게 고통을 주기도 한다. 젊은 이졸트 곤을 사랑하기에는 너무 늙었다는 것을 깨달은 시인에게 나이듦은 큰 슬픔이었다. 이 논문은 노인이 된 시인이 노년의 문제를 어떻게 해결하는가를 연구한다. 노시인은 이졸트 곤의 아름다움에 찬사를 보내면서도 그의 나 이듦을 한탄한다. 그러나 그는 슬픔을 승화시켜 좀 더 고귀한 생각으로 전환한다. 즉, 노인은 젊은이보다 훨씬 지혜롭다고 생각하며, 이졸트 에게 부성애적인 충고를 한다. 시인은 늙음의 문제에서 벗어나는 또 하나의 방법으로 마스크를 이용한다. 마스크를 씀으로써 시인은 현실을 뛰어넘을 수 있는 고결한 꿈을 이룬다.

예이츠의 시 ｢1916년 부활절｣은 많이 연구되고 논문도 많이 쓰여 졌다. 그러나 사실 내용과 연관된 시의 형식은 충분한 관심을 받지 못하고 있다. 즉, 시의 외적인 것, 즉 정치적인 것들, 사회문제들이라든지, 심리적인 것들까지 주된 관심사였다. “지독한 아름다움”의 역동적 힘으로서의 시는 논외였다. 그러나 예이츠는 형식을 통한 의미 만들기에 많은 관심을 쏟았다. 그렇다면, 의미로서의 시 형식을 읽어내야 할 시기가 되었고, 그렇게 함으로써 우리는 이 시를 보다 깊이 있게 이해하고 보다 충만하게 음미할 수 있게 될 것이다. 필자는 ｢1916년 부활절｣이 역설의 시학에서 나온 것을 본다. 즉, 인간, 언어의 역설적 본성에서 나온 것이다. 필자는 이 시의 “지독한 아름다음”을 느끼고 생각하는데 초점을 맞추었고, 결과적으로 예이츠는 그가 평생 추구한 형식의 완벽한 앱스트랙션을 통해서 자신의 의도를 감춤으로써 자신의 소망처럼 20세기 최고의 다층적 의미의 서정적 엘레지를 만들었다는 것을 증명한다.

목적: 본 연구는 furfuryl isocyanate를 은 나노 물질(Ag nanoparticler)과 기존의 하이드로젤 곤택트렌즈 재료와 공증합 하였으며, 제조된 콘택트렌즈의 물리적 특성을 비교하고, 내구성이 높은 콘택트렌즈 고분자로서의 활용성을 알아보았다. 방법: 교차결합제인 EGDMA(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)와 HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacry-Late), MMA(methyl methacrylate), MA(merhacrylic acid) 그리고 개시제인 AIBN(azobisisobutyronitrile)과 함께 공증합 하였다. 결과: 생성된 고분자의 물리적 특성을 측정한 결과, 함수율 28.98~34.31%, 굴절률 1.441~1.453,UV-B투고율 33.2~72.0%, 접촉각 57.65~79.00° 그리고 인장강도의 경우 0.340~0.71kgf 범위의 분포를 나타내었다. 또한 은 나노 물질 1%에 furfuryl isocyanate를 첨가할수록 UV-B 투과율 저하와 인장강도가 증가한 결과를 보였다. 결론: 본 실험결과로 볼 때 생성된 공중합체는 내구성이 좋고 자외선 차단 효과가 있는 렌즈 재료로 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

As Maud Gonne had been regarded as one of the most important factors in Yeats’s life and literature, this study aims to analyze her images reflected in the poet’s poems which were published in 1910s and 1920s. Maud Gonne is presented as a political icon of that time in Ireland in Yeats’s poems. Unlike his early poems, where Maud Gonne is idealized as a goddess, a heroic figure of unbounded nobility and courage, Yeats presents her as a tragic warrior who devotes herself to political activities for violence and destruction in this period. At the same time, Yeats shows his holding back of approving Gonne’s political role of female warrior. The number of poems related to Maud Gonne also is decreased when Yeats realizes that Maud Gonne devoted herself too much on the political matters.

The relationship between Yeats and Gonne seems to show an example of the traditional courtly love. Courtly love was a medieval Europe conception of nobly and chivalrously expressing love and admiration. Under this relationship, although a male expresses the devotional love to a female, a woman shows no love and pity for a man and a woman is an object who uplifts a man's spirit. This relationship may be said to show the man's fear of castration. The relationship between Yeats and Gonne starts by his admiration for her beauty and sternness as a nationalist for the Irish Independence. Also, he glorifies her as a secret being. Moreover, Yeats's love for her shows the doubleness: erotic and spiritual, humane and transcendental, and humiliating and proud. However, Gonne's coldness leads Yeats to desperation. And the last step shows Yeats's fear of castration for the politically-minded Maud Gonne. In Rose, there is Yeats's admiration for the secret woman, Maud Gonne. Yeats's unrequited love leads finally to desperation and sorrow for love, facing Gonne‘s unwavering coldness as a nationalist, which leads Yeats to give her up, showing a kind of fear of castration.

In this study, I trace out the influence of woman’s images on Yeats in biographical and feministic point of view. For Yeats, woman was the major poetic motif and source of inspiration; meeting, interacting, and parting with women gave him a motive for poems and deepened philosophy as well as his literary view. As Yeats said in his Essays and Introductions, he "writes of his personal life, in his finest work out of its tragedy, whatever it be, remorse, lost love, or mere loneliness,” and "would die of loneliness but for women.” Indeed, woman for Yeats is the focal point of various themes such as praise of heroic and ideal beauty, despair caused by unrequited love, friendship, maternal love etc. Among many women who influenced Yeats, Maud Gonne was the most important figure. It seems that she was a real feminist who tried to seek a dignified life and ideal as a woman, cultivating her identity and soul rather than being a common woman who is financially and physically subject to man and to cultivate outward appearance to draw man's attention. Even though not accepting Yeats's love, she was not an extreme feminist who denied the entire role and realm of man and supported just woman's opinion and benefits. Instead she seemed to be a moderate feminist who tried to find the real freedom and hope for the Irish women and children who suffered from the dignity and violence of a patriarchal husband as well as chronic poverty. Yeats’s painful but productive relationship with Maud Gonne determined his favor for certain type of women with masculinity rather than with a passive, complaisant, and traditional beauty. As in his fascination of Niam suggested, Yeats liked to praise beautiful women who have masculinity, and he took a courtly love attitude to receive their love. Therefore, he tried to write poems which needed great labour like a woman’s childbirth and praise women of a masculine spirit. Yet Maud Gonne’s constant decline of his suit and radical political inclination, and his depressed Libido made him deeply feel the pain caused by such a mannish woman. Especially, the sudden confession of her past love with Millevoye and her marriage with MacBride gave him a great shock and changed his view of woman. Now he instead dreamed of living a comfortable life with a woman who has traditional feminine nature. At last, Yeats got married to Hyde-Lees with such feminine factors, only to find that her charm and sexual satisfaction didn’t last long. After the conflict with Maud Gonne in 1919, Yeats came to emphasize conservative view of woman, insisting that woman should live in a pure blessing and give up her opinionated mind. He asserted that woman with perfect beauty could be happy only when she made herself beautiful and played a faithful role as man’s supporter. In this period, Maud Gonne’s images was painted dark in his poems; ‘intellectual hatred’, ‘opinionated mind’, and ‘a woman who lost the Horn of Plenty’. But such dark images soon disappeared. Yeats again longed for his lost love, Maud Gonne. However he could not escape from the conflicts between body and soul, ideal and reality. Such a dilemma made him pay attention to Unity of Being, the harmonious union of body and soul, and create his persona, Crazy Jane. Yeats's views of woman suffer many changes through his earlier, middle and later poems. It can be said that his views of woman are expressed according to the increase or decrease in femininity or masculinity inherent within Yeats’s self, the influence of his suppressed libido, and his attitude toward Irish politics. However it can’t be denied that woman was the continuous motif and inspiration of his poems.

It is well known that Yeats loved Maud Gonne all through his life. Even after she married John MacBride and he married George Hyde Lees, he couldn’t stop loving her. He proposed to her many times not only before she married but also after she became a widow. But she didn’t accept his courtship, saying that platonic love could make their love everlasting. She even said that the poems were their children for she made them possible by “sowing the unrest & storm.” This kind of love and/or friendship made Yeats write lots of poems about her and his longing for her love. The poems about her began to be written in his early youth in The Rose. After that many poems were written on and off through his long poetic career to Last Poems. The poems about her are more than fifty or so. The poems portrayed her as an ideal beauty like Helen and/or as a goddess of love and beauty like Aphrodite. Sometimes he complained her not accepting his courtship. At times he blamed her for engaging in the political movement of Ireland’s independence too deep. From time to time he lamented her marrying a “drunken, vainglorious lout.” But he loved “the pilgrim soul” in her all through his life. Though Yeats complained and blamed and lamented Maud Gonne’s human aspect, he idealized her divine aspect in his poems. He idealized her as a Rose, Helen of Troy and/or Aphrodite. That was the best way to keep her beauty everlasting. Though she suffered many human difficulties, she was an ideal beauty to Yeats to the end.

Based on the assumption that Maud Gonne was one of the most important persons in Yeats’s life and art, this paper is an attempt to understand the “labyrinthine” nature of their complex relationship. However, the present writer is not trying to dig into their lives for the specific facts which might be used to support his argument; rather, he is trying to read some of Yeats’s poems in such a way to illuminate his relation to Gonne. That is, through the close reading of related poems, the present writer examines how Gonne is thematically and formally represented in Yeats’s poems, how the representations change through the years of his life, and how they are related to other aspects of his poetry. The first introductory part of this paper very briefly surveys the life of Gonne, how her relationship with Yeats began and continued, and how she influenced him in writing his poems. Although it is true that she brought into his life “an overpowering tumult,” it is also true that between fifty and sixty of Yeats’s poems were created in the wake of their relationship. The main part of the paper analyzes Yeats’s poems chosen from his early, middle and late period of life. Some poems, such as “The Sorrow of Love,” “He Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven,” “Adam’s Curse,” “No Second Troy,” “The Cold Heaven,” “A Prayer for my Daughter,” “Among School Children” are more closely and thoroughly read than others. In reading the poems, this paper tries to show how the poet’s representations of Gonne in the poems reveal not only the actual situations of their relationship at the moment of their writing but also the aesthetic and political ideologies of the poet himself at that moment.

지난 수년동안 북한지역에서의 곤충조사를 통하여 백두산, 묘향산, 용악산, 박연산, 금강산등 주요 5개 지역에 대해 지역별 식물분포와 나비목곤충의 생물지리학적 분포관계를 분석함과 동시에 51종의 한반도 미기록종을 보고한다.

캐나다 선교사 제임스 게일(James Scarth Gale, 1863~1937)은 1888부터 1927년까지 40년을 조선에서 사역했다. 게일은 선교사, 목사, 신학자였을 뿐만 아니라, 대표적인 한국학 학자이자 교육가였다. 게일이 만난 조선은 콜레라 전염병이 창궐한 불안정하고 불확실한 세상이었지만, 게일은 ‘하나님의 백성’ 으로서의 신앙적 헌신뿐만 아니라, ‘그리스도의 제자’로서의 사회적 책임을 다하고자 노력했다. 게일은, 조선 역사와 문화를 존중하고 사랑하며, 이를 세계에 소개했던 독보적이고 다재다능한 인물이었다. 이 글의 목적은, 부산과 서울 곤당골(현재의 중구 남대문로1가와 을지로1가 인근)에서 행한 “착목쟈” 제임스 게일의 초기 사역과 경험이, 이후 조선에서의 40년 동안의 그의 복음전도와 사회활동에 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는지를 연구하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 게일의 초기 사역에 깊은 영향을 준, 헨리 데이비스(1856~1890), 존 헤론 (1856~1890), 해리엇 헤론(1860~1908)에 대한 연구와 함께, 부산과 서울 곤당 골에서의 사역을 정동(貞洞)과 비교하여 연구한다.