Eye-tracking approach allows us to collect and analyze data for a wide range of measures of eye-movements, to relate these to language processing, and to have insight of language processing (Conklin, Pellicer-Sánchez, and Carrol, 2018). The current study aims to investigate how ESL university students process the sentences with complex noun phrases modified by relative clauses. Two types of sentences with complex noun phrases were examined: complex noun phrases modified by relative clauses located in a sentence subject (syntactic-based processing) and those located in a sentence object (semantic-based processing). In total, 32 EFL university students participated in this study. Fixation count, regression rate, first reading time, and total reading time of areas of interest were examined. The eye-tracking results showed that the participants showed significantly higher regression rates on noun 2 than noun 1 in both types of complex noun phrases. In terms of verb selection, however, the results showed contrasting aspects : noun 1(verb 1 selection) preference in syntactic-based processing whereas noun 2(verb 2 selection) preference in semantic-based processing,

This paper aims to explore Korean genitive noun phrases ``N1의 N2`` that are also translated in French as genitive noun phrases ``N2 de N1``. My discussion centers on describing two things: (a) What are linguistic factors by which N1 and N2 in Korean not accompanying any article are respectively preceded by one of the two articles: the indefinite article and the definite article. (b) What are linguistic environments by which N1 and N2 in Korean can be respectively translated in French as one of the four noun phrases: generic noun phrases, specific noun phrases, non-specific noun phrases and predicative noun phrases.

This paper aims to clarify the existence of `Reduced` NPs (henceforth RNPs) in English whose head nouns are missing, as in "... sequences like these φ...," "The following φ are further examples of ...," "The first φ to arrive was Betty ...", in comparison with other types of NPs. Underlying this is an assumption that every type of NPs except pronouns has its head noun in it in the underlying form. This paper shows that the occurrence of RNPs is semantically constrained by such relations as those of partiality, equality, comparison, sequentiality, and exemplification, among others. The paper attempts to reinterpret the suggested semantic constraints in terms of scalar relations for the generality and simplicity of exposition. As a result, for the felicitous RNPs, one condition is proposed which specifies the disallowance of the SUPERORDINATE-TO relation and, on the other hand, a tendency for the choice of the RNPs between the two related NPs which are in the COORDINATE-TO relation is suggested, specifying that the choice of the head to be omitted depends on sub-types of semantic relation.

Ji - Eun Kim. 2002 . T rans lation of body part s ' nouns from Kore an into French in the NP Object . S t ud ie s in M od e rn Gramma r 27, 197 - 225 . This paper investigates the nouns of body part s in Korean that are translated as an NP object in French (These Korean Nouns are abbreviated below as 'Npcrul' ). My discussion centers on describing two things: (a) What grammatical functions in French perform when describing the person of 'Npcrul' . (b) What are linguistic factors by which 'Npcrul' s are translated in French, when they are preceded by one of the three articles : the indefinite article (un Npc), the definite article (le Npc) and possessive article (son Npc).