Eye-tracking approach allows us to collect and analyze data for a wide range of measures of eye-movements, to relate these to language processing, and to have insight of language processing (Conklin, Pellicer-Sánchez, and Carrol, 2018). The current study aims to investigate how ESL university students process the sentences with complex noun phrases modified by relative clauses. Two types of sentences with complex noun phrases were examined: complex noun phrases modified by relative clauses located in a sentence subject (syntactic-based processing) and those located in a sentence object (semantic-based processing). In total, 32 EFL university students participated in this study. Fixation count, regression rate, first reading time, and total reading time of areas of interest were examined. The eye-tracking results showed that the participants showed significantly higher regression rates on noun 2 than noun 1 in both types of complex noun phrases. In terms of verb selection, however, the results showed contrasting aspects : noun 1(verb 1 selection) preference in syntactic-based processing whereas noun 2(verb 2 selection) preference in semantic-based processing,

Working memory is defined as the mechanisms or processes that allow humans to store information in the face of interference such as processing other information during sentence processing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between working memory capacity and PBL task performance with EFL university students. Forty university students participated in this study and they were divided into two groups according to working memory scores (higher and lower groups). Reading span test has been implemented for working memory task. PBL tasks consist of word, phrase, sentence, and explanation levels. The results show that WM capacity is significantly related to the PBL task performance. The correlation analysis of WM scores(storage and processing) and PBL task performance showed different tendency in WM higher and lower groups according to the task types.

ESP, English for specific purposes, is an approach to language teaching that has been found to be effective for students who are strongly motivated in their social lives or towards their future goals. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the use of QR code in cellular phones can be effective in teaching a course for ESP such as Medical Tourism English. For the study, twenty six students participated in a questionnaire survey and an interview. Moreover, four independent tests in total, two tests before using QR codes in class and two tests after using QR codes were taken interchangeably based on a time serial analysis. As a result, positive effects were observed in both test results, questionnaire survey, and interview; and the mean scores of those tests after the QR code activities were higher than in those without the activities. In addition, the questionnaire survey and interview data supported the findings; especially, the QR code activity, which helped to decipher the meaning of the technical medical terms and of the process, which students have not experienced so they were not familiar with. In summary, these findings indicate that QR code activities have positive pedagogical implications for ESP education.

According to the Simple Descriptive Rule of subject- verb agreement, the process of that in English can be described as singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. Although this descriptive rule for subject-verb agreement looks simple, there are several prescriptive rules for the agreement such as form-based traditional rules, meaning-based principle of notional concord, principle of proximity, attraction, and other mechanical rules. Among them, the phenomenon of attraction denotes that when subject has the complex noun phrases, the verb tends to agree with another noun in its vicinity. The current study aims to examine the tendency of attraction with Korean learners of English; to investigate how this mechanism facilitates speakers' resolution of number mismatches and their number agreement processing during sentence production.

This study investigated Korean university learners' perception of native English speaking teachers(NESTs) and non-native English speaking teachers (NNESTs) in the University English for academic purpose. Questionnaire survey and interview data collection were implemented. For the questionnaire survey, 118 students participated for NEST courses and 127 for NNEST courses. Among them 10 students(5 from NEST, 5 from NNEST) were interviewed to consolidate the data. The results revealed that students perceived more positively in the English speaking courses by NEST with regard to improving their listening and speaking ability, NESTs' teaching attitude which intrigued students to participate in the class, trying to ask questions in class, and keeping their tense during the class with English language code. However, students in NNEST courses felt less anxiety, used more L1 in group work, and tended to ask questions later the class in Korean than in NEST course. Students in NNEST courses perceived positively about L1 use as long as it is controlled. These findings are valuable implications for NNESts to manage their EAP courses effectively.

Park Boon-Joo. 1999. The Syntactic Category of Small Clause. Studies in Modern Grammar 16, 181-198. This paper shows briefly some kinds of small clause syntactic categories that is, S category in Chomsky (1981) and Rothestein (1983), S` category in Kitagawa (1985), INFL` category in Homtstein & Lightfoot (1987), IP category and PrP category in Bowerss (1993). Among these I take the PrP category of Bowers (1993) and show the advantages and evidences of this category. The advantages of this category are i) it gives the uniform structural definition to the definition of external argument and predication relation for the SC and main clause. ii) it solves the problem of finding an appropriate dominating node for SC constructions within the framework of X-bar theory. iii) it can make keep the uniform in X` theory. iv) it solves the `as` in SC. And this category has evidences in coordination structure and the positions of adverbs. Finally I try to find Korean small clauses and analyse according to the types of predicates to clarify the syntactic and semantic properties different from English SC. I include these properties and applied PrP category to Korean SC.