PURPOSES : The skid resistance between tires and the pavement surface is an important factor that directly affects driving safety and must be considered when evaluating the road performance. In especially wet conditions, the skid resistance of the pavement surface decreases considerably, increasing the risk of accidents. Moreover, poor drainage can lead to hydroplaning. This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the roughness coefficient—that is, an index of frictional resistance at the interface of the water flow and surface material—to estimate the thickness of the water film in advance to prevent human and material damage. METHODS : The roughness coefficient can be changed depending on the surface material and can be calculated using Manning's theory. Here, the water level (h), which is included in the cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter calculations, can be used to calculate the roughness coefficient by using the water film thickness measurements generated after simulating specific rainfall conditions. In this study, the pavement slope, drainage path length, and mean texture depth for each concrete surface type (non-tined, and tined surfaces with 25-mm and 16-mm spacings) were used as variables. A water film thickness scale was manufactured and used to measure the water film thickness by placing it vertically on top of the pavement surface along the length of the scale protrusion. Based on the measured water film thickness, the roughness coefficient could be back-calculated by applying Manning's formula. A regression analysis was then performed to develop a prediction equation for the roughness coefficient based on the water film thickness data using the water film thickness, mean texture depth, pavement slope, and drainage path length as independent variables. RESULTS : To calculate the roughness coefficient, the results of the water film thickness measurements using rainfall simulations demonstrated that the water film thickness increased as the rainfall intensity increased under N/T, T25, and T16 conditions. Moreover, the water film thickness decreased owing to the linear increase in drainage capacity as the mean texture depth and pavement slope increased, and the shorter the drainage path length, the faster the drainage, resulting in a low water film thickness. Based on the measured water film thickness data, the roughness coefficient was calculated, and it was evident that the roughness coefficient decreased as the rainfall intensity increased. Moreover, the higher the pavement slope and the shorter the drainage path length, the faster the drainage reduced the water film thickness and increased the roughness coefficient (which is an indicator of the friction resistance). It was also evident that as the mean texture depth increased, the drainage capacity increased, which also reduced the roughness coefficient. CONCLUSIONS : As the roughness coefficient of the concrete road surface changes based on the environmental factors, road geometry, and pavement surface characteristics, we developed a prediction equation for the concrete pavement roughness coefficient that considered these factors. To validate the proposed prediction equation, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the water film thickness prediction equation from previous studies. Existing models have limitations on the impact of the pavement type and rainfall intensity and can be biased toward underestimation; in contrast, the proposed model demonstrated a high correlation between the calculated and measured values. The water film thickness was calculated based on the road design standards in Korea—in the order of normal, caution, and danger scenarios—by using the proposed concrete pavement roughness coefficient prediction model under rainy weather conditions. Specifically, because the normal and caution stages occur before the manifestation of hydroplaning, it should be possible to prevent damage before it leads to the danger stage if it is predicted and managed in advance.

여름철은 타 계절에 비해 장마와 불안정한 대기 등으로 인하여 빗길 교통사고의 위험성이 크게 증대될 수 있으며, 최근 5년 (2018~2022)간 여름철 빗길 교통사고는 전체 빗길 교통사고의 39%를 차지할 정도로 높은 수준이다. 이러한 빗길 운전은 노면의 배수 불량 및 미끄럼 저항 감소 등으로 인하여 수막현상을 발생시키게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 우천 시 도로의 안전성 강화 및 사고 위 험을 최소화하기 위한 요소인 수막두께를 산정하기 위하여 Manning의 평균 유속식을 기반으로 콘크리트 노면의 조도계수 예측 모델을 개발하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 조도계수의 영향인자를 고려하기 위하여 실외 강우 모의 장비를 이용하여 콘크리트를 타설한 뒤 실험 인자로 포장 경사, 배수거리, 강우강도, 노면 조직 특성을 고려하였으며, 이 중 노면 조직 특성은 타이닝 처리를 하지 않은 구간만 고 려한 타 연구의 기존 예측 모델 단점을 보완하기 위하여 16, 25mm 간격의 타이닝 표면 처리한 구간을 추가로 고려하였다. 수막두께 측정은 측정 범위 0.3~5mm의 수막두께 측정 게이지를 제작하여 강우가 모사된 조건에서 배수 거리 1~5m 이내 지점의 노면 조직 상 단과 수면이 접하는 수직 높이를 총 3회 측정하여 평균값을 사용하였다. 실측된 수막두께 데이터베이스를 기반으로 Manning 공식을 이용하여 조도계수를 역산한 결과, 강우강도가 증가함에 따라 조도계수는 감소하였으며, 이는 강우의 증가로 인해 물의 흐름과 콘크리 트 노면 사이의 마찰 저항 감소에 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 포장 경사가 높고 배수 거리가 짧을수록 배수성이 증가하여 마찰 저항의 지표인 조도계수가 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 평균 조직 깊이에 따른 조도계수 영향의 경우, 평균 조직 깊이가 증가할수록 콘크리트 표면에 노출되는 표면적이 증가하여 수막두께가 얕게 생성되고, 얕은 수심으로 인해 물의 흐름 저항이 감소하여 조도계수는 감소하는 것으로 산정되었다. 이후 135개의 데이터를 종합하여 조도계수를 종속변수로 하고 강우강도, 포장경사, 배수거리, 평균 조직 깊이, 수막두께를 독립변수로 하는 회귀분석을 수행하여 조도계수 산정식을 개발하였다.

국내 고속도로 콘크리트 중앙분리대는 SB5-B(270kJ)의 충돌등급에 저항하도록 설계되어 있다. 그러나 최근 대형 화물차 량의 충돌사고가 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있어 SB6(420kJ) 등급으로의 상향이 필요하다. 충돌등급 상향을 위한 새로운 중앙분리대 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 실제 충돌시험을 수행하여 기준 통과여부를 결정하며, 충돌시험 수행을 위한 적정 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 충돌해석을 통해 선정한다. 이러한 충돌해석의 정확도 향상을 위해서는 차량 모델, 콘크리트 단면 열화상태, 콘크리트 피복 두께 등 다양한 변수에 대한 정확한 변수 선정이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공차 중량, 단면 열화, 콘크리트 피복 두께에 대한 변수연구를 수행하여 충돌저항성능 저감을 확인하였다. 전체 중량뿐만 아닌 공차 중 량에 따라 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 10cm 이하의 콘크리트 피복 두께에서는 충돌저 항성능이 민감하게 증가 또는 감소한다. 단면 열화가 발생할 경우 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능의 감소가 발생하여 열화정도 에 따른 보수 및 보강이 이루어져야 하는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 콘크리트 구조물과 차량의 충돌해석을 수행할 경우 트럭 의 공차중량 비율, 콘크리트의 피복두께 및 열화에 대한 영향이 상세하게 고려될 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

As film products are increasingly used in a wide range of areas, from producing traditional flexible packaging to high-tech electronic products, a higher level of quality is demanded. Most film products are made in the form of rolled finished goods, therefore, various quality issues related to their shape characteristics must be addressed. The thickness of the film products is one of the most common and important critical-to-quality attributes (CTQs). Particularly, the degree of thickness uniformity is more important than other thickness parameters, because it will be potential causes of many secondary thickness-related quality problems, such as wrinkles or faulty windings. To control the degree of thickness uniformity, the fixed bending region is oneof the most important CTQs to manage. Fixed bending regions are special points in the transverse direction of a rolled product with consistent minute variations of the thickness gap. This paper describes the measurement and analysis of thickness uniformity data, which were performed in a real manufacturing field of biaxial oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film. In previous researches, quality function deployment (QFD) or fault tree analysis were used to find the most critical process attributes out to controlthe CTQ of thickness uniformity. Whereas, this paper uses traditional control charts to find the most critical process attributes out in this problem. In addition, the selection of one of the major critical process attributes (CTPs) that is expected to affect the CTQ of thickness uniformity is also described. The selected critical-to-process attributes are the controlled temperatures along the transverse direction. A dramatic improvement in thickness uniformity was observed when the selected CTPs were controlled.

As film products are more frequently used from producing traditional flexible packing products to high-tech electronic products, requested higher level of quality. Most film products are made in the shape of roll-type finished goods, so various quality problems are addressed related with their characteristics of shape. Thickness of film products is one of the most common and important quality problems. Particularly the Degree of thick smoothness is more important than other thickness issues, because it causes many secondary issues of thickness-related quality problems like wrinkles or faulty windings. Thick smoothness must be controlled in both horizontal and vertical direction. In this paper, HOQ (house of quality) was built to interpret VOC (voice of customers) to CTQs (critical to quality). To decide priorities of VOC and CTQs, both techniques are applied. One is AHP (analytic hierarchy process) with pairwise comparison. The other is an absolute weight calculation method with level-up rate. From the result of HOQ, it is certain that the thick smoothness is the most important CTQ in film manufacturing industry. Finally, this paper presents how to monitor and improve repetitive coincidence of microscopic deviation of thickness in some special vertical points.