한무숙의 『만남』은 천주교 박해의 역사를 문학적으로 재구성한 작품으로 천 주교의 전래와 그 과정에서의 고난을 문학적으로 형상화하고 있다. 그런데 작품 에서 천주교는 물론 탄압의 주체인 유교, 그리고 불교와 무속까지 ‘모순적 공존’ 을 보여주고 있다.『만남』에는 관조와 초월의 시각이 특징적으로 나타나는데 대 상과 거리를 두고 사심 없이 바라보는 미학적 향유로서의 관조를 통해 현상이 대립이나 갈등보다 ‘아름다움’으로 인식된다. 또 세계를 불가항력적인 힘에 의해 지배된다고 보는 초월의 시선으로 조망함으로써 주술적 신비를 인정하고 인위적 인 혁신보다 현존하는 제도와 윤리를 수용하게 된다. 이러한 두 개의 시각은 한 무숙 문학의 중요한 미학적 특징으로 가부장적 억압을 자학적으로 수행함으로써 극복하고자 했던 작가의 체험과 연결된다. 작가는 결혼 후 전통적 인습으로 인해 자아 상실을 경험하지만 정면의 도전보다 억압적 요구를 철저히 수행함으로써 비판적 항의를 실현하는 역설적 저항을 보여준다. 경계를 무너뜨리거나 이탈하 기보다 안에서 억압을 철저히 수행함으로써 모순을 통찰하는 밖의 시선을 확보 하게 된 것으로 경계의 안과 밖을 가로지르는 시각을 통해 인식적 저항을 실천 하고 있다.

In the end of August 2008, atrocities against Christians of Khandamal district of Orissa state in India occurred by Hindu mobs driven by Bajrang Dal, the youth wing of Hindu World Council: 59 people were killed, 18,000 were injured and 159 churches were damaged, along with 4,400 houses. Apparently, this communal violence was erupted from the antipathy of Hindu nationalists towards conversion movement of Christian missionaries. Yet, inwardly, the poor Khands tribe felt jealous of rich Panas tribe after being converted to Christianity. The Bajrang Dal attempted to take advantage of such communal tension for the political purpose of taking seats in the upcoming 2009 general election. Communal violence happens dime a dozen in India. Yet, recently, the target of Hindu nationalists was directed to Christians in the tribal areas of Orissa rather than to Muslims, previously the major enemy of Hindus. The reason was the steep increase of Christians in this district due to missionary activities. The leaders of Hindu nationalists were in the grip of fear and vented their anger over this issue. According to the ideology of Hindutva(Hinduness), Indian nation has to be necessarily a Hindu nation and the Hindus alone are the true sons of the soil. Moreover, the non-Hindus are a menace, the polluted to be purged, if they would not be assimilated to Hindu way of life. The feature of nationalism of K. Hedgewar of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was cultural nationalism which elevated India to the goddess of motherland. From the perspective of Hindutva, the conversion of Hindus to non-Hindu religion is an anti-national activity, thus, they should put it down by all possible means. Likewise, the communal ideology of the Hindu nationalism is exclusive, chronical, and subjected to violence. In this regional context, Christian missionaries should respect Hindu gods and goddesses and understand their faith and Hindu nationalism rather than villify them. In order to avoid unnecessary clash, it is recommendable for Christians to involve in inter-personal evangelism and establishing house churches rather than in building churches and institutions. Missionaries should encourage the local Christians to be financially independent so that Christianity can be presented as a genuine spiritual religion. Urban middle class Hindus should be the target of missionaries, moving from the previous lower strata of Hindu society.

개인 구원과 복음 전도적 선교에 집중하던 대한기독교회는 한국민족말 살정책으로 교회와 신앙을 지켜야 할 위기가 닥쳐오자 결연한 저항 운동을 전개했으며 순교를 각오하고 항거했다. 대한기독교회의 저항은 다른 형태의 저항과는 차이가 있었으나 진리 수호를 위해 실질적이며 구체적(역동적)으로 저항했다. 그러나 이와 같은 저항 역사의 유산은 객관적인 근거가 부족하여 규명되지 않았고 올바른 이해와 정당한 평가가 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 한국침례교는 대한기독교회의 신앙 정체성과 궤를 같이하는 저항 정신을 역사적 유산임을 확인하고 선진들의 용기, 헌신, 희생을 계승하고 물려주어야 할 책무를 위해 대한기독교회에 대한 역사 인식을 정립해야 할 것이다.

It seems that persecution is not an appropriate subject of discussion in the time of 'no' persecution. Looking back over the history of Christianity, however, one finds that persecution has been one of the main concerns for all times. Persecution for cause of personal conviction and practice has been a dark side of human history, whether religious or political. That the religion whose main teaching is 'to love God' and 'to love others' has been a protagonist of 'hating and hurting others' in history must be blasphemous to its God and hypocritical to humanity. Baptists have been more the persecuted than persecutors in their history. Baptists were from the beginning the persecuted. Just as Anabaptists in sixteenth-century were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, Baptists were persecuted by both the then established church, the Church of England, and reforming Puritans. They have shaped their convictions, theology, and way of life through dealing with persecution, including the concept of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Roger Williams initiated the movement of religious liberty in American history. From the very beginning of his life in America, he was driven to struggling for 'soul liberty' and building a 'wall of separation' between the church and the state. Persecution was always there as he fought through his activities and writings in Old England and New. Persecution was a negative experience that made Williams go beyond orthodox Puritanism and reach the idea of religious liberty and separation of church and state. This paper is an investigation as to how persecution had an effect on Williams's view of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Chapter one is introductory comments. Chapter two sketches Williams's life around persecution and the New England situation of the time. Chapter three deals with different perspectives on his view of persecution: biblical, historical, ecclesiastical, and civil. Chapter four is implication and conclusion.