Background: There are insufficient objective or quantitative evidence for the better intervention to improve proprioception particularly for the application of external load. There are conflicting opinions whether the external load is effective for proprioception improvement or not. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of external load on proprioception of shoulder joint quantitatively using 3D motion capture system. Methods: Nine healthy adults joined for this study. They were asked to perform scapular plane abduction motion with attaching reflective markers on the trunk and upper limb. The 3D positions of finger marker, while they performed the same task with and without external load, were recorded and analyzed. Results: All participants showed decreased variable errors in the vertical direction when the external load was applied (p<.02). Even though other directions (y, z) and absolute errors increased, they did not have statistical significances. Conclusion: Based on this study results, the external load application would be effective for shoulder joint position sense improvement.

Presbyope has not clear vision with elderly changes. To introduce the essential preliminary examination for presbyope, we performed preliminary tests in 190 elderly patients with case history, slitlamp examination, pinhole test, Hirschberg test, pursuit, stereopsis, pupil reaction, Worth-4 dot test, Amsler grid test, dominant eye test. To perform an examination, the case history is clitical as it guides the whole examination. Chief complaints were epiphora, decreased visual acuity, floaters, hyperemia, eye pain, etc. From the information gained in the case history, we deduced a list of tentative diagnosis. Throughout the examination we decided whether additional tests. The 18.9% of patients didn't have improve visual acuity in pinhole test. Cause of reduced visual acuity in pinhole test was opaque of refractive media such as cataract or pterygium. In 44.7% of patients, stereoauity falls below 40s of arc. The 6.8% of patients have suppression of right or left eye. The 28.9% of patients have metamorphopsia or scotomas in Amsler chart test. Therefore, pinhole visual acuity helps to differentiate ocular pathology from lack of refractive media clarity. Amsler chart is also useful for monitoring age related maculopathy. We suggest that Jones dye test for tear drainage, pinhole test, Amsler grid test and Worth-4 dot test are essential for presbyope.