Background: The deep cervical flexor (DCF) muscles have a crucial role in the management of neck pain. For preventing neck pain by activation of the DCF, craniocervical flexion (CCF) is an effective exercise. However, sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle is considered to affect negatively the activation of the DCF. SCM muscle which is an accessory muscle for respiration is activated differently depending on types of breathing patterns. It’s not certain that breathing patterns affect the SCM and DCF muscles thickness during CCF exercise. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of breathing patterns on the SCM and DCF muscles thickness during CCF exercise. Methods: Forty-five subjects participated in this study, and they were classified according to their breathing pattern, as follows: Costodiaphragmatic breathing (CDB) and upper costal breathing (UCB) groups. Ultrasonographic imaging of the SCM and DCF muscles was performed during five incremental levels of CCF during tidal breathing and expiration. Results: There was a significant interaction between the breathing pattern and the phase of CCF for percentage of SCM muscle thickness changes (p˂.05). In phase 1 CCF, a percentage of SCM muscle thickness changes was increased in the UCB group than in the CDB group (p˂.05). There was an increase in DCF muscles thickness with each additional CCF phase (p˂.05). Conclusion: Recruitment of SCM muscle was increased in the UCB group while performing CCF with a low intensity. There were no significant differences on DCF recruitment between the breathing pattern groups. Higher CCF exercise intensities elicited a higher DCF recruitment.

Infrared thermography provides the colorful images of concerning area where local changes of surface temperature occurs and can be used to measure the fine temperature of human body. Unlike the radiography technique, it is determined by the presence or absence of existing anatomical principles capable of quantitative evaluation and visible to the physiological and functional state of the human body. In this paper, it was studied the characteristics of dynamic motion conditions in the hands due to physiological changes of temperature distribution. The results showed that the difference between the change in temperature characteristics for the left and right hand.

The purpose of this study was to compare gait patterns during pregnancy. Because of the changes in hormone levels and anatomical changes such as body mass, body-mass distribution, joint laxity, and musculotendinous strength that result from pregnancy, it

The purpose of this article is to suggest John Wesley’s attempt to church renewal in the 18th century England through exploring his ecclesiology. This article deals with patterns of church renewal as it uses Wesley’s ecclesiology and Howard Snyder’s mediated model of church renewal, and attempts to rediscover of the essence of the church, and finds out clues of renewal and transformation of the Korean church along with the lessons given to the Korean church today. John Wesley constructed a very creative ecclesiology which was integrated various insights given by innovative renewal movements in the early church and the church history along with the understanding of the traditional church. Therefore John Wesley's understanding of the church can be understood through his renewal movement. Also his ecclesiology emphasizes the community for renewal of the church. In fact, Wesley's original intention was to form a organic community, that is, “ecclesiola in ecclesia.” In order to achieve his church renewal ministry Wesley suggested a integrated(holistic) renewal model that would keep the balance between institution and movement. Some characteristics of a renewed church is a living organism not just a institution or organization. The renewed church is charismatic community. Church renewal movement can not be separable with the kingdom of God. In this sense, Howard A. Snyder suggests five dimensions of John Wesley’s church renewal movement. First, it is individual renewal as it takes place in believer's personal repentance and conversion. It is spiritual renewal. But it is not just spiritual but communal. Unless there is no true community, individual renewal cannot be taken place. Second, communal renewal means a shared faith in a community as it happened when the church experiences God's transforming work. Third, conceptual renewal(or theological renewal) means a paradigm shift in theology. In this aspect, every great renewal movements are closely related to conceptual renewal. Fourth, structural renewal is to change forms and structures of which the church uses. Thus, the church must be changed in cultural contexts. Institutionalized and rigid structures of the church can often hinder the work of the Holy Spirit. Even though structural change is not the starting point of renewal, it can keep the renewal movement continue. Fifth, missional renewal of the church is about passion of proclaiming the gospel as the essential call of the church. Missional renewal can be accomplished when the church rediscover the essence of mission. This is not for the church itself but for the kingdom of God. The church that is internally renewed must have missional renewal. In this sense, the Korean church can learn from John Wesley’s renewal movement which attempted to renew the church by forming the authentic community connected with the kingdom of God.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 누운 자세에서 일어서기(supine to standing: STS) 과제 수행 시 유아의 운동발달 수준에 따른 움직임 패턴의 차이점을 규명하는 것이다. 연구대상자는 만 4-6세 유아 89명에게 운동발달검사(MABC-2)를 실시한 후 목적적 표집방법을 통해 선정된 20명의 유아들을 운동발달 수준에 따라 각각 운동발달 상(n=9)집단과 하(n=11)집단으로 배정되었다. 연구대상자들은 누운 자세에서 일어서기 과제를 ‘최대한 빨리 일어나세요.’라는지 시어를 듣고 10회 반복하여 수행하였다. 이때 나타난 유아들의 움직임은 VanSant의 움직임 패턴 발달순서 평가 도구를 사용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과, 누운 자세에서 일어서기 과제 수행 시 소요된 시간과 유아가 사용한 움직임 패턴에서 두 집단 간에 유의한 차이가 나타났으며 특히, 상지와 체간에서 더 큰 차이를 보였다. 운동발달상 집단에서는 전체적으로 대칭적인 움직임 패턴이, 하집단에서는 비대칭적인 움직임 패턴이 나타났으며, 이는 운동 발달 상집단이 하집단보다 상위의 움직임 전략을 사용한다는 것을 의미한다. 누운 자세에서 일어서기 과제의 수행시간도 운동발달 상집단보다 하집단에서 더 길게 소요되었다. 또한, 운동발달평가 점수와 움직임 패턴의 상관관계 분석 결과, 운동발달 평가점수와 신체 부분(상지, 체간, 하지) 간에 정적상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 더 세밀한 운동발달 검사가 필요한 아동들을 보다 쉽고 간편하게 선별할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 그리고 기존의 운동발달 평가도구들이 가지고 있는 시공간적 제한점을 보완할 수 있다는 측면에서 실제 교육현장이나 운동발달 연구 영역에서 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

The purpose of this study was to find the effect of the two different types of movement velocity control on timing variability and temporal structure parameters (time to peak positive acceleration, duration of positive acceleration, peak positive acceleration) of acceleration-time function. Subjects were 6 male students, and task was arm flexion movement. The results showed that when movement distance increased with movement time fixed, timing variability was constant, also time to peak positive acceleration and duration of positive acceleration were constant, but peak positive acceleration increased with statistical significance. And when movement time increased with movement distance fixed, timing variability increased, and time to peak positive acceleration, duration of positive acceleration increased, but peak positive acceleration decreased. The results suggest that each control types of movement velocity are different fundamentally, and movement velocity as a function of movement distance is achieved by the increase of peak positive acceleration with time to positive acceleration and duration of positive acceleration constant. Namely, this type of velocity is modulated by the change of force with phasing of generalized motor program, and movement velocity as a function of movement time is achieved by the extension of time to peak positive acceleration and duration of positive acceleration, Thus, this type of movement velocity is modulated by the change of phasing and relative force generalized motor program.