루만에 의하면 현대사회에서 (의사)소통의 중요한 매체는 두 가지이다. 정보를 유포하는 매체와 일반화된 상징적 소통매체(또는 성공매체)가 그 것들이다. 이 논문에서는 정보유포 매체를 중심으로 재난의 위험과 세계 시민사회의 관계에 대해 살펴본다. 근대 시민사회의 발현을 가능하게 했 던 정보유포 매체는 활자매체라는 것이 일반적인 인식이다. 그러나 현대 사회에서 전자매체 특히 디지털매체의 사회구성적 효과에 대해서는 의견이 분분하다. 이 논문에서는 벡, 루만, 하이어의 관점을 비교하면서, 현대 사회에서 시민 주체의 형성과 관련하여 디지털매체의 중요성이 일방적으 로 강조되는 경향을 비판하고자 한다. 특히 세월호 참사와 관련하여 한국 사회에서 디지털매체뿐만 아니라 전자 대중매체의 역할이 새롭게 확인될 수 있음을 강조한다. 즉 언론통제 상황에서도 TV 전자매체가 전혀 의도하 지 못한 상태에서 불러일으키는 사회적 감정의 효과를 강조하고자 한다.

D_(10) values obtained for radiation alone in Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfrigenes were 0.35-0.48 kGy in vegetative cells, and 2-2.08 kGy in spores, respectively. Irradiation dose of 24 kGy completely inhibited spores. In the case of heat treatment, D_(50, 60) values ranged from 10 to 14 minutes in vegetative cells, and D_(70, 80, 90), values ranged from 10 to 140 minutes in spores. In the case of combined treatment with heat and radiation, D_(10) values ranged from 1 to 1.25 kGy in vegetative cells, and from 3.42 to 3.61 kGy in spores. Thus, resistance of cells to gamma radiation did not seem to be influenced by pre-heating.

The Present study focuses on the publishing, dissemination, and reception of Beethoven's music during his lifetime and after his death. The common and different aspects among Beethoven, Mozart, and Haydn in these three fields were investigated. Since the active working periods of the three composers were different within the range of 1770-1810's, the practices of publishing and dissemination changed. Since the music market was rapidly growing, the relationship between the composer, publisher, and the public was also changing. As a result, the process of reception of Beethoven's music was quite different from that of the previous time. This paper especially put focus on the early phase(1792-1803) of Beethoven in Vienna. The process of construction as a new master composer in the musical world of Vienna was also discussed. In addition, the role of supporting groups for Beethoven among aristocratic salons was investigated. The changes in musical taste and ideology were also illuminated. Furthermore, the roles of published edition and reviews of music journals such as Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung, Berliner Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung, Wiener Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung, and Caecilia in the reception of Beethoven's music were discussed.

Magnetite powder for kerosene-based ferrofluid was synthesized by air oxidation of waste acid containing Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in the pH=11 at 60℃. Stable kerosen-based ferrofluid was prepared by addition of polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether(POENPE) to the magnetite containing water. Dispersion mechanism of an addition POENPE to the magnetite was examined by means of the fraction of solid dispersed FT-IR spectrum. And magnetic properties of kerosen-based ferrofluid were examined by method of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. In order to remove oil on the water surface by an addition of kerosen-based ferrofluid, the optimum conditions were examined.