The economy of Tanzania relies on agriculture as the main economic activity, because agriculture provides both food and income to the population of the country, especially the rural households. Improvement of market access to crops also increases the productivity. Therefore, in this study, descriptive statistics and statistical analysis of the probit model were used to analyze the factors that determine the market accessibility of small-scale farmers in Chemba, Tanzania. Cross-sectional data collected by the systematic sampling method for 200 corn peasants in Chemba, Tanzania were used. As a result of probit regression analysis, it was found that access to improved seeds and technology had a positive statistically significant effect on the accessibility to the market, while the age of the head of the household, production cost, distance to the market, and household size had a negative statistically significant effect. Therefore, in this study, policy establishment and implementation are recommended. A policy needs to be considered to reduce the transaction costs that eventually allows the farmers to increase the accessibility to markets, enables small-scale farmers to participate in cooperatives, lowers input costs and provides educational programs on quality products to increase their competitiveness in the marketplace.

Enhancing income for small-scale farmers in developing countries, is one of the major concerns for governments and many stakeholders. This is attributed by the fact that, a majority of smallscale farmers in the region are characterized by low income earners caused by agronomic related challenges, such as low productivity of input factors. In addressing this challenge, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of outgrower scheme on its members’ income, using the propensity score matching approach. Through this approach the study assessed cross-sectional data, collected from small-scale tea farmers in the Mufindi district, founded in Tanzania. Results of the assessment on the impact of outgrower scheme on its members, suggest that the scheme has a negative and insignificant impact on its members’ income. This implies that, the outgrower scheme does not meet its intended objective of raising the income of its members, due to failure of improving quality as well as quantity of tea produced in the study area.

탄자니아(United Republic of Tanzania)의 연방인 잔지바르의 옥수수 종자보급 개선을 목적으로 자유방임품종4종 (Tuxpeno-1,Staha, Situka, TMV-1)을 탄자니아 본토로부터 2006년도에 도입하여 키짐바니 농업연구소에서 적응시험을 수행하였다. Tuxpeno-1이 3.9 t ha-1로써 네 품종 중 수량이 가장 높았으며, Staha는 3.8 t ha-1, Situka는 3.0 t ha-1, 그리고 TMV-1은 2.0 t ha-1의 수량을 보였다. 이는 각 품종들의 잠재수량성(potential yield)과 비교하여 77%, 72%,67%, 그리고 47% 정도의 수량이다. 수량 차이가 많이 나는 이유로는 양분의 부족이 가장 큰 원인으로 판단된다. 잔지바르의 환경에서 생육이 부진한 TMV-1과 병해충 저항성이 약했던 Situka품종은 보급 품종에서 제외되었다. 키짐바니 농업연구소에서는 본시험 이후 Tuxpeno-1와 Staha 품종의 종자를 생산하여 농가에 보급하고 있다.

Tanzaniahasbeen rightlyknownasoneofthemostsuccessfulinstancesofhavingpursued an active endoglossic language policy as well as of promoting an indigenous African language, namely Swahili, as the medium of instruction.Since the early years of independence Swahili has been adopted as the medium ofinstruction forprimary education.Currently, students atsecondary and tertiary levels have to use English as the medium ofinstruction.Thesuddentransitionfrom SwahilitoEnglishhas beenblamedasoneoftherootcausesofthecurrentcrisisofeducational standards. Many scholars both from Tanzania and abroad have consistently pointed outthatthe problem ofthe medium ofinstruction resultsineducationalfailure,buttheTanzaniangovernmenthascontinued to be half-hearted in this matterbased on an exaggerated beliefthat Englishplaysapivotalroleintheageofglobalization.Englishintoday's Tanzania is almostsynonymous with upward socialmobility,and even English-medium primaryschoolshavebeenmushroominginrecentyears. Theconflictbetweenindividualsandofficiallanguagepolicyisinevitable, because the former prefers English as a medium ofinstruction atall levelsandthelattertriestomaintainSwahiliatleastatprimary levels. Foralanguage-in-educationpolicytobeviable,multi-facetedapproaches need to beintroduced and applied to reflectchanging socialrealities in Tanzanian society.The language-in-education policy also needs to be considered in the contextofsocialinequalities and the distribution of limitedresourcesamongmembersofthesociety.

탄자리아산 강옥의 보석광물학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 XRD, XRF, EPMA, FT-IR과 SEM-CL 분석을 수행하였다. 탄자니아산 강옥은 장파장 자외선이나 단파장 자외선에서 거의 형광반응이 나타나지 않는다. 탄자니아산 강옥은 내포물의 종류에 따라 5가지 유형으로 분류될 수 있으며, 유형 I은 액상 내포물 풍부한 형태, 유형 II는 기상 내포물 풍부한 형태, 유형 III은 액상 CO2를 함유한 형태, 유형 IV는 고상 내포물을 함유한 형태, 유형 V는 유체 포유물과 고상 내포물 및 딸광물(daughter mineral)이 공생하는 복합 내포물 형태이다. 탄자니아산 강옥의 SEM-CL분석에서 성장구조가 수반된 쌍정조직, 스피넬 반정, 괴상조직과 누대조직 등이 관찰된다. 루비와 사파이어는 크롬과 철의 함량에 의해 뚜렷이 구분되며, Al2O3/100-Cr2O3-Fe2O3 다이어그램에서 각각 고유한 영역에 도시된다. FT-IR 분석결과, 탄자니아산 강옥 시료들이 모두 유사한 양상을 보이고 있으며, 455.09~459.23 cm-1, 603.15~611.71 cm-1, 1509.00~1655.05 cm-1와 3436.41~3468.87 cm-1에서 흡수 피크가 관찰된다. 연구 결과는 탄자니아산 강옥의 감별 및 산지 추측에 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있다.