In three studies, we show that semployee accent directly, indirectly (through intelligibility and trust), and/or conditionally affects customer participation (CP) in services positively or negatively, depending on the type of accent and its valence, the customer’s need for interaction, and the type of CP, i.e. voluntary, mandatory, or replaceable CP.

1980년대 영국은 당시 하우스와 테크노음악이 성행하였다. 대세의 음악을 틀지 않던 몇몇의 디제이들이 차별성을 두기 위해 50~60년대 발매 되었던 재즈음악에 디스코, 하우스, 힙합 리 듬을 믹스 하였고 그 과정에서 애시드 재즈라는 장르가 탄생하게 되었다. 이러한 음악적 배경 으로 애시드 재즈에서의 드럼 연주 스타일은 지속적인 안정감과 긴장감을 표현하기 위해 고스 트 노트와 엑센트를 적극 활용한다. 밴드 자미로콰이의 드러머인 데릭 멕켄지는 엑센트 기법 을 활용하여 다양한 리듬 패턴을 만들어 섹션마다 엑센트 프레이즈의 변화를 주었고 의도에 따라 엑센트 기법을 선택적으로 사용하여 연주에서의 다이나믹을 형성하였다. 본 연구는 밴드 자미로콰이의 드럼 연주기법을 분석하여 대중음악에서 크게 자리 잡는 섹션인 벌스와 코러스 에 대입할 확장 방법을 제시하고 엑센트의 음악 표현 기법은 특정 음표를 강조하여 음악의 중 심 요소인 리듬의 생명력을 부여한다는 결과를 도출한다.

Research in foreign accent has reported various factors of accentedness. However, very little attention has been given to the relationship between L2 speakers’ accentedness and their awareness of, or sensitivity to, L2 phonological system. The present study aims to explore the relationship between ESL learners’ phonological awareness, as measured by several tasks, and their accentedness, as rated by native speakers of English. Twelve advanced adult ESL speakers participated in seven tasks purported to tap into their sensitivity to English sounds and sound structures. They also read an English passage, and four native speakers rated their foreign accentedness on a 9-point scale. The learners showed individual differences in their phonological awareness despite the fact that they were from an intact class presumably at the same proficiency level. They also exhibited varying degrees of foreign accent. Correlational analyses revealed that in general there was a nonsignificant correlation between the learners’ L2 phonological awareness and their accentedness, and that the awareness did not seem to have translated into L2 production. The study addresses some methodological and procedural issues that suggest crucial points for refinement of the phonological awareness tasks and the L2 speech data collection method.

The ability to succeed in a competitive market means to respond flexibly to difficult market demands by setting appropriate price, quality, and not least by creating a favourable environment for cultural, but also attractive shopping at a point of sale. Thanks to the innovative interdisciplinary approach using neuromarketing, we can create effective marketing strategies and thereby stimulate human emotions through which it is possible to achieve an increase in the number of deals, multiply revenue and improve the ability to stimulate a purchase. Commercial spaces are becoming more sophisticated day by day and the results of several surveys of consumer behaviour show that more than half of decisions 50-80% related to purchases are made on the point of sale and 80% are realized on the basis of positive emotions. An emotion is a complex processing of phenomena or situations which is determined by the relationship between their objective characteristics and needs of the subject. The element of lighting in shops also influences positive emotions of consumers being able to increase or decrease the sales. Lighting is the only factor that can be accurately measured and controlled. Accent lighting of a modern shop is largely involved in the overall design and the resultant atmosphere of the shop, playing a crucial role in presenting different kinds of goods. The use of accent lighting can draw the customer's attention to a specific part of retail space and achieve the overall harmonization of the shop. For some goods (fresh unpackaged food) lighting is not only powerful, but also the only marketing tool. The main objective of this paper is to clarify the influence of various types of accent lighting (different colour temperature, intensity) on the brain activity of respondents and their resultant emotional state (arousal / valence). Cortical brain activity was recorded via a wireless 14 channel electroencephalograph. The object of investigation is the impact of accent lighting in the section of fresh food (fruit, vegetables, bread, pastry). In the end of the article we explain how neuroscience can be used for a better understanding of consumer perception of accent lighting in the food market.