이 논문은 출처와 장르, 시대와 정서에 있어 상호 유사성이 희박한 『베오울프』, 『거나의 딸』, 『장미의 이름』이란 세 개의 독특한 문학작품 속에 나타나는 기독교적 요소를 도출하여 중세기독교의 모습을 그리려는 시도이다. 비록 유사성은 희박하지만 이 세 작품은 이교도의 시대에서 기독교의 시대로 넘어가는 과도기적인 형태로부터 서양의 종교로 자리매김하여 완성된 형태에 이르는 다양한 중세기독교의 모습을 보여준다. 중세 초기가 게르만 문화에 깊이 뿌리를 둔 영웅 중심의 이교도 사상의 잔재를 드러낸다면, 시대가 흐르면서 중세는 신학적, 교리적 정통성을 고수하기 위하여 끊임없는 논쟁에 휩싸이는 기독교 중심의 철저한 종교적 시대로 변해간다. 이런 중세기독교의 특징은 이들 세 작품 속에 독특한 방식으로 나타나면서, 그 시대를 살아가는 전사, 여성, 혹은 수도사의 삶이 기독교 신앙에 의해 어느 정도의 영향을 받는지를 독자들에게 보여준다. 이 논문은 고대영어로 쓰여진 남성 중심의 서사시 『베오울프』를 대표적 중세작품으로 놓고, 14세기 노르웨이와 아이슬란드를 배경으로 전개되는 현대 역사소설 『거나의 딸』을 페미니즘의 시각에서 비교 분석하여 문학에 나타나는 이교도와 기독교 사상의 혼합을 증명한다. 한편, 14세기 이탈리아의 수도원을 배경으로 벌어지는 역사추리소설 『장미의 이름』은 중세기독교 세계에서 진리란 과연 무엇인가라는 질문에 대한 답변으로 제시된다. 그러나 이 작품에서 작가가 추구하는 진리는 마지막 장면이 암시하듯, 불에 타다 남은 조각처럼 의미 없는 잿더미에 불과하다. 이 소설에서 진리란 인간이 감히 도달할 수 없는 하나님의 무한한 전능함이 만들어내는 유희임이 드러나기 때문이다. 이 논문은 이런 중세적 특징들로 점철된 당시를 대표하는 오리지널 작품과 그것을 모방한 현대 문학이 어떻게 우리에게 중세기독교의 세계를 보여주고 있는지를 분석한다.

The primary purpose of this paper is to descriptively analyze the syntactic aspects of Beowulf. an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines. The manuscript of Beowulf is believed to have transcribed from an original by two scribes, because the handwriting of the two scribes is ill-matched. The discussion on the heroic expeditions of Beowulf and authorship and date of this work are excluded here, and so are the question as to form and meter, the and dialects This research was supported by the Daegu University Research Grant, 2008. used in it. The main concerns of this paper are focused on the description of syntactic structures of phrase structures, such as NP, VP, and PrepP, and some syntactic aspects are also discussed on passive, extraposition, etc.

Hwang, Bo-geun. 1998. Syntactic Structures of Beowulf. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 1-26. The main purpose of this paper is, on the basis of hypotheses of Vennemann`s(1975) and Stockwell(1977b), to analyse the syntactic structures-Genitive/ Noun, Adjective/Noun, Adverb/verb, Preposition/Noun, and Comparative/Standard-and word-order patterns used in Beowulf, and to compare them with word-order patterns of prose, i.e., of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC) and Pastoral Care (Pastoral). The analysis of the syntactic structures (as shown in Table 7) leads to the conclusion: the arrangement of Genitive/Noun, Adjective/Noun and Adverb/verb shows the OV(/XV) word-order patterns, while that of Preposition/Noun and Comparative/Standard VO(vo) ones. By the analysis of word-order patterns of the sentences in Beowulf the conclusion can be drawn. (1) in the independent/main clauses, the highest frequency is found in V-2 type(SXV/XVS) in the intransitive verbal structures; reversely, but in the transitive ones V-2 type(SOV) has the highest fequencty. (2) in intransitive verbal structures of the dependent clauses, V-3 type is the highest in frequence; of the word-order patterns of transitive ones, V-3 type is dominant. In comparison of word-order patterns of Beowulf with those of ASC and Pastoral, can be said: (1) in the independent/main clauses, the highest frequence of SVX in Beowulf is supposed to be related to the peculiar metrical system(alliteration and caesura), and the highest XVS in ASC and Pastoral is due to the time/place-adverbs, found in the sentence-initial position, serving to bring forth new information; SOV is made dominant in Beowulf by the omission of subjects coreferential to the subjects/objects of the preceding sentences, while in ASC and Pastoral the highest in frequency, SVO, has such syntactic characteristics as the subjects are pronouns or proper names; (2) in the dependent clauses SXV/SOV are the highest in frequency in Beowulf, while in ASC SVX/SVO is the hightest for the same syntactic characteristics as in independent/main clauses; in Pastoral the frequency of SVX is higher than SXV, but SVO and SOV show nearly the same frequency, though the former is a little higher.

Hwang, Bo-geun. 1998. Word-order Patterns of Compounds in Beowulf. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories, 12, 1-18. The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the compounds employed in Beowulf and to get the data concerning word-order patterns of compounds in it. The compounds are first classified into word-classes by their behaviors in the context: nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The noun compound is the largest in number, 83.2%, and the adjective and verb are 16.4% and 0.4%, respectively. In this study are excluded the verb combined with adverbs and prepositions, such as aet, be, for, in, ofer, purh, under, up, wip, etc. The lowest in frequency of the verb compound is explained by it. The adverb compounds are not found chiefly because the genitive and accusative cases of nouns are used as adverbs. Of the noun compounds the combination `Noun+Noun` is the highest in frequency; of the adjective `Noun+Adjective` is higher than `Adjective+Noun`. The analysis of the semantic structures of the noun compounds is shown in Table 2.2.1. The word-order pattern `O+V` surpasses the `V+O` pattern in number; the `Modifier+ Noun` does the `Noun+Modifier`. The `V+S` pattern is not found while the `S+V` is lower in frequency. In the adjective compounds (as shown in Table 2.2.2), the `V+S` is greater than the `S+V`; the `O+V` is greater in number than other combinations, and the `V+O` is not found. The `Adverb+Adjective` is much higher in frequency than the `Adjective+Adverb`. In the analysis of the semantic structures of the compounds in Beowulf (shown in Table 2.2.4), the highest in frequency is found in the word-onler `OV` and those consisted of elements with the `Modifier+Head` relationship. This suggests that the English in Beowulf, i.e., the English up to the 11th century had the word-order patterns of an OV language.