We determined physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of cookies prepared by replacing wheat flour with 0, 3, 6, and 9% freeze-dried burdock powder instead of wheat flour. The leavening and loss rates of the cookies decreased in proportion to the amount of burdock powder added to the dough. The moisture content of the cookies increased in proportion to the amount of burdock powder added and the crude protein and hardness were higher in the burdock-added group compared to the control. The lightness and yellowness of the cookies decreased, and the redness increased in proportion to the amount of burdock powder added. The total flavonoid and polyphenol compounds in the cookies increased in proportion to the amounts of burdock powder added. The antioxidant activities also tended to increase in proportion to the amount of burdock powder added. Based on the above results, adding burdock powder to cookies can increase antioxidant activity by increasing the content of antioxidant components, such as polyphenols and flavonoids. In addition, it is believed that adding burdock powder at levels of 3 to 9% of the weight of flour would result in cookies with spreadability, swelling power, and hardness similar to those of regular cookies.

최근, 소비자들이 건강관리에 대한 관심과 중요도가 높아짐 에 따라 화학적인 농약을 사용하지 않은 유기농 천연 식품을 선호하게 되었다. 새싹 채소는 건강증진과 암, 심혈관질환 등의 질병을 예방하는 효과가 있어, 고기능성이고 안전한 식품 인 새싹 채소의 소비가 크게 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이 연구의 목적은 여러가지 새싹 채소 7종의 생육 그리고 생리활성 물질 함량에 대한 광의 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 새싹 채소용 케일, 다채, 브로콜리, 적양배추, 알팔파, 홍빛 열무 그리고 무 종자를 파종한 뒤 새싹들을 광조건(20°C, RGB 6:1:3, 130μmol ·m-2·s-1, 12시간 광주기), 암조건 아래에서 각각 7일간 재배하였다. 처리 후 4일째부터 7일째까지 1일 간격으로 샘플을 채 취하였고 생체중과 건물중, 초장, 총 페놀 함량, 항산화도를 측정하였다. Brassica 종(케일, 다채, 브로콜리, 적양배추)과 Medicago 종(알팔파)은 암조건에서 생체중 값이 유의적으로 높았지만 생리활성 물질 함량은 광조건에서 유의적으로 증대 되었다. 이에 반해 Raphanus 속(홍빛 열무, 무)는 광조건에서 생체중이 유의적으로 증대되었지만 생리활성 물질 함량은 암 조건에서 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 다양한 새싹 채소의 생육과 생리활성 물질 함량 사이에서 음의 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 본 연구는 다양한 새싹 채소의 생육 및 영양학적 가치에 대한 광의 영향을 확인하였고 고품질의 새싹 채소를 생산하는데 있어 수확시기의 중요성을 강조한다.

본 연구는 갯방풍의 생장 및 생리활성화합물 함량에 대한 NaCl 농도 및 처리 시기의 효과를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 첫 번째 실험에서 갯방풍 묘는 온실에서 호글랜드(EC 1.5dS·m -1 , pH 6.5) 배양액에 NaCl 40, 80, 120, 160, 200mM 을 첨가하여 담액식 수경재배 시스템에 정식 후 30일 동안 재배되었다. 두 번째 실험에서 갯방풍은 수확 10일 전, 5일 전에 양액에 NaCl 50, 100, 150, 200mM을 첨가하여 담액식 수경 재배 시스템에서 50일 동안 재배되었다. 두 실험 모두 NaCl 처리를 하지 않은 것을 대조군으로 사용했다. 식물 생장과 광합성 특성, 총 페놀함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화 활성이 조사되었다. NaCl 농도가 80mM 이상일 때 갯방풍의 생육이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 두 번째 실험에서 엽수, 엽면적, 지상부와 지하부 건물중 같은 생육 특성은 수확 10일 전 50mM NaCl에서 유의적으로 우수했다. 광합성률은 대조구와 50mM NaCl 처리에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 처리 시기와 관계없이 NaCl 농도가 100mM 이상일 때 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한, 100mM 이상의 NaCl 농도에서 잎의 가시적 피해가 관찰되었다. 총 페놀함량 및 플라보노이드 함량은 수확 5일 전 200mM 처리에서 가장 높았다. 그러나, 항산화 활성은 대조구와 수확 10일 전 50mM 처리에서 가장 높았다. 결론적으로, 수경재배 시 양액에 수확 10일 전 50mM의 NaCl을 처리하는 것이 고품질 갯방풍 생산에 효과적이었다.

The objective of this study was to prepare bioactive ginseng yogurts containing compound K, which is transformed from ginsenosides, and to investigate the compound’s cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Milk containng ginseng was fermented by Bifidobacteria KK-l and KK-2, and their activities for transforming ginsenosides to compound K were measured. Among the tested concentrations of ginseng in the milk, compound K was effectively produced in the 3% and 6% ginseng yogurts fermented for 48 hrs. These fermented ginseng yogurts were extracted with BuOH, and their cytotoxicities against tumor cells were examined. The BuOH extract of the yogurt made from the 3% ginseng milk showed cytotooxic activity against P388 and HeLa tumor cells. However, the nonfermented ginseng milk did not exhibit cytotoxicity against these cells. Therefore, we deem that the ginseng yogurt, which contained compound K, could be developed as a potential fermented drink product.

Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) is a globally used alternative crop that contains several useful substances with various effects; however, many of these substances (rutin, quercetin, etc.) are water insoluble. To extract these substances, alcohols is required, which is inconvenient because these solvents cause diverse problems. Many studies are underway to achieve effective extraction of these substances with water. Among of these studies, microwave assisted water extraction (MAE) has been performed extensively. In this study, we performed the extraction in various solvents and/or microwave from Fagopyrum esculentum. The analysis of the content of useful substances and the bioactivity were performed and shown to increase in MAE. Liquid chromatography-mass was performed in order to identify of the useful water-insoluble substances. Catechin, quercetin, and rutin, which are all insoluble in water, were hardly extracted with water even on heating (4.4 ppb, 3.9 ppb and 60.3 ppb, respectively). However, MAE was found to extract much more of these substances than water (1204 ppb, 110.8 ppb and 2946 ppb, respectively). Although less efficient than alcohols, MAE showed much higher efficiency than simple water extraction. These results indicate that water extraction using microwave technology is effective in cases where it is difficult to extract useful substances using water.

Potentilla kleiniana is a perennial herb beloning to Rosaceae family. Herein we investigated the effect of light intensity, light quality and chemical elicitor on plant growth and the accumulation of bioactive compounds in P. kleiniana. After 60 days of cultivation under different shading level [0% (200 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 35% (95 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 55% (65 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 75% (40 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )] in the greenhouse, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were the highest under 35% treatment, however, plant height, leaf number and biomass were the highest under non-shading. As a result of cultivation among strong light condition as a control, florescence and three mixture light sources [red:white:blue (RWB) = 8:1:1, red:blue (RB) = 8:2, red:green:blue (RGB) = 8:1:1] as treatments in plant growth chamber (25 ± 2℃, 185 ± 3 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), growth, biomass, chlorophyll content low difference between total phenolic compouds and flavonoid content were higher under RWB treatment. DPPH radical elimination ability was the highest under all treatments especially florescence and RGB treatment except control. As a result of treating chemical elicitor [salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA)] concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 μM) respectively, plant height, petiole diameter and biomass were higher under non-treatment, MeJA 50 μM. It was investigated that fresh weight and dry weight under MeJA 50 μM treatment were especially a little high. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of SA 50 μM treatment was the highest but DPPH radical elimination ability was significantly the highest under MeJA 200 μM (88.65%) and MeJA 50 μM (87.84%) treatment. Thus, this study suggested that we determined optimal shading and light quality in the greenhouse and plant growth chamber also confirmed bioactive compound content, antioxidant ratio increase according to different chemical elicitation concentration.

The aim of this investigation was to examine the influence of extrusion on dietary fiber profile and the contentof bioactive compounds, rutin and quercetin in young sprout, whole seed, and matured stem of Tartary buckwheat.WSI(water soluble index) is increased by a function of both screw profile and process temperature, compared to control indifferent parts of Buckwheat. Also, WSI of ME is increased more than 5.2 times in grain, compared to that of control. Theeffect of precooking by extrusion on the dietary fiber profile of buckwheat flour was evaluated. Precooking by extrusion sig-nificantly increased SDF in flour, although in most cases extrusion decrease in TDF a little. The thermo-mechanical treat-ment undergone by the buckwheat flour during extrusion led to redistribute part IDF fraction to SDF, leading to an increasein the latter. The content of rutin was increased about two fold in extruded flour of sprout, compared to in control. Thisincrease maybe why these compounds are released from cell wall by high shear processing under high temperature.

Echinacea purpurea is an important medicinal plant native of North America, which contains caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. For commercial roduction of bioactive compounds from Echinacea purpurea, adventitious roots were induced and proliferated in 5 and 20-liter bioreactors under various cultural conditions (Medium composition, inoculum density, air volume, light, temperature et al.). In a 5-liter bioreactor, more than 10-fold of biomass increment was achieved after 5 weeks of culture. Increases of root biomass and bioactive compounds were correlated with increased consumption of sucrose and macro/micro nutrients in the medium. Elicitations have been conducted with UV-C, NO, and SA to increase the accumulation of total polyphenolics, flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives in the adventitious root cultures, which resulted in 1.2-1.6 times of increment. Based on the previous experimental results, 500-liter and 1000-liter scale bioreactors were applied for large scale cultures of Echinacea purpurea adventitious roots. Total root biomass of 3.62 kg and 5.05kg (dry weight) were achieved in a 500 L and a 1000 L bioreactor, respectively. The accumulation of 22.55 mg/g DW cichoric acid, 4.92 mg/g DW chlorogenic acid and 3.99 mg/g DW caftaric acids were also achieved from the adventitious root in a 1000-liter scale bioreactor.