Light is a major external environmental factor that influences the circadian rhythm of photosynthetic organisms and various physiological phenomena, such as growth, maturation, and behavior. The number of light-reaching organisms changes depending on the season and atmospheric conditions, and the intensity and wavelength of light differ depending on the organisms inhabiting the environment. Altered light changes the circadian rhythm of fish, which is controlled by clock genes, such as period 2 (Per2), cryptochrome 1 (Cry1), and melatonin. In this study, we set the zeitgeber time (ZT; 14 light-10 dark, LD) based on the actual sunrise and sunset times and examined Per2 and Cry1 activities, levels of aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), and melatonin in Pholis nebulosa, a drifting seaweed species exposed to irregular light. Per2 and Cry1 levels increased during the daytime and decreased after sunset. The AANAT levels decreased during the daytime and increased during the night. Melatonin concentration was highest around midnight (ZT21, 23:30), but exhibited similar concentrations during the daytime. While the activity of Per2, Cry1, and AANAT levels exhibited a typical circadian rhythm observed in most vertebrates, melatonin concentrations did not show a significant difference between the daytime and nighttime. These findings provide insights into the circadian rhythm patterns of organisms exposed to irregular light environments, such as P. nebulosa, which differ from those of typical fish species.

곤충병원성 선충인 Heterorhabditis. megidis(큰형광병원선충)는 참나무 군락지(광주광역시 소재) 사양토에 서 분리 동정되었고, 곤충병원성을 가지는 공생세균은 Photorhabdus temperata로 분리 동정되어 각각 GJ1-2로 명명하였다. H. megidis GJ1-2는 고구마(주황미) 큰 검정풍뎅이 Holotrichia parallela에 대한 방제 효과는 평택시 (경기도 소재)와 논산시(충청북도 소재)의 노지 재배 사양토에서 관주처리 30일 후 각가 81.1%, 78.9%로 나타났 으며, 인삼(재래종) 거세미나방 Agrotis segetum에 대한 방제 효과는 이천시(경기도 소재)와 청주시(충청북도 소재)의 비가림 재배(차광막 설치) 사양토에서 관주처리 14일 후 방제가는 각각 79.9%, 80,2%로 나타났다. H. megidis GJ1-2는 고구마(주황미)와 인삼(재래종)에서 약제 처리 후 3, 7, 14일 후 외관상 약해는 나타나지 않았다.

우리는 길앞잡이(Cicindela chinensis)의 장에서 다양한 공생 미생물들을 분리하였다. 그중 다양한 곰팡이 성장 을 억제하는 세균을 동정하였고 “Ch-1”이라 명명하였다. 우리는 Ch-1 균주를 사용하여 10종의 식물 병원성 곰팡 이와 2종 곤충 병원성 곰팡이의 생장 억제를 확인하였다. 또한 8종의 항생제에 대한 저항성을 확인하였다. 동시 에, 본 균주의 genomic sequence를 수행하였고 유전적, 생화학적, 생리적 특성을 조사하였다. Ch-1균주는 특허등 록과 친환경 미생물제제로 등록하였고 향후 생물학적 방제제로써 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단한다.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been studied to control insect pests as an alternative to chemical insecticides. However, all fungi haven't a high virulence against pests. In this study, we compared the biological characteristics of Metarhizium anisopliae strains. First, we selected four M. anisopliae strains and compared the thermotolerance, conidial productivity, and virulence. For the thermotolerance test, conidial suspensions were exposed to 0, 30, 60, and 90 min at 45 °C. As a result, the conidial germination rates were over 95% when exposed for 0 min but, were 64, 37.7, 6, and 3% when exposed for 30 min at 45°C, respectively. To compare conidial productivity, 200g of millet were used and inoculated with a conidial suspension of 1 ml (1×107 conidia/ml). Conidial productivity was investigated after 14 days. As a result of conducting a virulence test against mealworms using a spray method, differences in virulence between strains were confirmed.

The box tree moth (BTM, Cydalima perspectalis Walker) is a pest that infests various plants within the Buxus genus. Although a specific parasitoid wasp species associated with the BTM has been observed in the Republic of Korea, no research on this species has been published. Here we describe the fundamental biological and morphological characteristics of this parasitoid. We placed the wasp under the genus Eriborus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae). Eriborus sp. parasitizes within the living host body, with one wasp emerging from each host. The parasitism rate in collected BTM populations was 33.1%. The emergence rate was 87.1%, with all emerging adults being females, resulting in a sex ratio of 0. The pupal period averaged 9.5 days, and the adult lifespan averaged 10.5 days. Eriborus sp. parasitized BTM larvae from the first to the fourth instar and reproduced by parthenogenesis. Eriborus sp. exhibited morphological differences compared with previously reported Eriborus species in Korea, particularly in the length of the ovipositor sheath. In addition, the proportion of the highest similarity in nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I DNA was only 94.53%, rendering species identification using GenBank’s mt cytochrome c oxidase 1 DNA sequences unfeasible. These data suggest Eriborus sp. could be used as a biological control agent for managing BTM infestations.

Despite advancements in therapeutic approaches, radiotherapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy remain primary noninvasive treatments for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Moreover, the 5-year survival rate for patients with OSCC has remained almost unchanged for several decades, and many side effects of chemotherapy still exist. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) models of OSCC were established using fibroblasts, and the efficacy of various biological inhibitors was evaluated. A culture of epithelial cells with two types of fibroblasts (hTERT-hNOFs and cancer-associated fibroblasts) within a type I collagen matrix resulted in the formation of a continuous layer of tightly packed cells compared to models without fibroblasts. Furthermore, the effects of biological chemicals, including Y27632, latrunculin A, and verteporfin, on these models were investigated. The stratified formation of the epithelial layer and invasion in OSCC 3D-culture models were effectively inhibited by verteporfin, whereas invasion was weakly inhibited by Y27632 and latrunculin. Collectively, the developed OSCC 3D-culture models established with fibroblasts demonstrated the potential for drug screening, with verteporfin showing promising efficacy.

Determination of Idarubicin (IDA) as an anthracycline derivative and extensively used treatment of leukemia was investigated by electrochemical method using carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with NiO/SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMCl). The NiO/SWCNTs nanocomposites and EMCl play an important catalytic role in improving the electron transfer process at surface of CPE to monitoring of IDA. Electrochemical method was used to investigation redox behavior of IDA at surface of the NiO/SWCNTs/EMCl/CPE. The oxidation signal of IDA amplified by modification of CPE by NiO/SWCNTs and EMCl was about 4.3 times and NiO/SWCNTs/EMCl/CPE detected IDA in concentration range of 0.001–160 μM with detection limit of 0.5 nM, respectively. The evaluation of analytical and recovery data confirms the mentioned method was completely validated and successfully employed for the determination of IDA in real samples.

New tetrazole fused imidazopyridine derivatives (12a–j) were developed to exploit their cytotoxic activity towards cancer cell lines-MCF7, A549, and MDA-MB-231, utilizing MTT reduction assay with doxorubicin as standard drug. The compounds 12 h and 12j demonstrated strong anticancer activity bearing IC50 values 1.44 μM and 1.33 μM against A549 cell line.

전 세계 해양의 대부분을 차지하는 공해는 해양바이오산업 성장에 필수적인 귀중한 해양 자원을 보유하고 있다. 이러한 글로 벌 노력의 최전선에는 한국의 공해 자원 확보 및 기초효능(기초물질) 탐사사업이 있다. 이 연구는 대중의 인식을 측정하고 프로젝트의 이 점을 정량화하여 향후 정책 결정에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고자 했다. 결과에 따르면, 연평균 지불의사액(WTP)은 3,778.8원으로, 전체 국민 으로 확장하면 약 815.4억 원에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 의미는 두 가지이다. WTP를 기반으로 공해상 해양생명자원 확보의 경제적 가치는 연간 약 815억 원에 달할 정도로 상당하다. 이는 투자에 대한 WTP를 고려할 때 향후 정책 수립을 위한 중요한 참고 자료 로 제공 가능하다. 해양생물자원에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있는 반면, 대중의 인식은 상대적으로 낮은 편이다. 그러나 본 사업은 해양바이 오산업에 필수적인 데이터베이스를 구축하고 국제 해양생물자원을 확보하는데 있어서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 대중의 관심과 지속적인 지원은 이 사업 뿐만 아니라 향후 정책 구현에도 매우 중요하다. 대중의 인식을 높이는 전략은 필수적이며, 연구 결과는 향후 정책 결정 에 귀중한 의견을 제공한다.

UV and O3 are materials used in the water treatment process, and many studies have been reported to remove organic matters, contaminants, and microorganisms. In this study, we were investigated effects of Chirnomidae (Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus riparius), which are contamination indicator species to exposure UV and O3 for the survival rate, body color change and gene expression response. The survival rate of C. flaviplumus exposed to UV decreased to about 70% after 24 hours, and C. riparius about 50%. There was no change in the survival rate of C. flaviplumus exposed to O3, and C. riparius decreased to 95% after 10 minutes of exposure, but there was no change during the subsequent exposure time. In addition, UV and O3 exposure to the two species in body color faded in a time-dependent. In the HSP70 gene expression, C. riparius showed an increase in expression after UV exposure compared to the control group, and a significant difference was shown 12 hours after exposure (P<0.05). C. flaviplumus exposed to O3 showed a relatively low expression compared to the control group, and showed a significant difference at 10 minutes and 1 hour after exposure (P<0.05). These results reported the ecotoxicological effects on Chironomidae according to UV and O3 exposure. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as basic data to understand the effects of UV and O3, which are disinfectants used in water treatment plants, on Chirnomidae entering plants. Key words: Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus riparius, UV, O3, acute toxicity, survival

The limitation in deriving the species richness representing the entire country of South Korea lies in its relatively short history of species field observations and the scattered observation data, which has been collected by various organizations in different fields. In this study, a comprehensive compilation of the observation data for plants held by agencies under the Ministry of Environment was conducted, enabling the construction of a time series dataset spanning over 100 years. The data integration was carried out using minimal criteria such as species name, observed location, and time (year) followed by data verification and correction processes. Based on the integrated plant species data, the comprehensive collection of plant species in South Korea has occurred predominantly since 2000, and the number of plant species explored through these surveys appears to be converging recently. The collection of species survey data necessary for deriving national-level biodiversity information has recently begun to meet the necessary conditions. Applying the Chao 2 method, the species richness of indigenous plants estimated at 3,182.6 for the 70-year period since 1951. A minimum cumulative period of 7 years is required for this estimation. This plant species richness from this study can be a baseline to study future changes in species richness in South Korea. Moreover, the integrated data with the estimation method for species richness used in this study appears to be applicable to derive regional biodiversity indices such as for local government units as well.

먹노린재의 방제시기 설정을 위하여 서식지 내 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 전라남도를 중심으로 돌발 대량 발생 한 먹노린재의 발생 조사는 2023년도 벼의 모내기가 완료된 시점부터 전남 곡성군 석곡면과 여수시 화양면 일대 의 친환경단지에서 주 1회 실시하였으며, 벼의 수확이 완료되는 시점까지 진행될 예정이다. 금년도 발생 조사 결과는 지난 2021년도 결과와 비교하여 분석하고자 하였다. 현제까지의 결과, 여수시의 친환경단지 내 먹노린재 의 발생은 모내기가 완료된 이 후 2주 경과 시점에서 발견되었으며, 곡성군은 4주 경과 시점에서 발견되었고, 발생 최고점은 여수시의 경우 모내기 후 6주 경과 시점으로, 곡성군의 경우 5주 경과 시점으로 나타났다. 먹노린재 의 대발생이 지속되던 2021년도의 결과와 비교하였을 때, 2023년도 결과도 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 먹노린재 친환경제재 살포 시기는 모내기 후 2주 경과 시점이 적절한 것으로 나타났으며, 2차 방제 시점에 대해서 는 추가 조사를 통해서 제안하고자 한다.

Parasitic rate of A. orientalis was calculated and compared with parasitic rate five years ago, immediately after release, and parasitic rate was also compared according to the distance away from the release point. In addition, haplotype of A. orientalis was confirmed and the association with life cycle characteristics was decided. The survey was conducted in 2022 and 2023. The parasitic rate of release point in Buyeo increased significantly from 3.6% in 18 years to 91.21% in 22. And the parasitic rate by distance from release point is 91.21% (200m), 44.46% (12km), and 65.75% (46km). At all points of survey, only haplotype C and D were found, and there was no significant difference between haplotype C and D in the parasitic rate and sex ratio.

Eicosanoids represent a category of oxygenated C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids that play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions in insects. These compounds are synthesized from phospholipids through the enzymatic activity of phospholipaseA2 (PLA2). In this study, we investigated four PLA2 genes encoded in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, with a focus on understanding their specific functions through a variety of experimental approaches. Among the four PLA2s identified, Fo-PLA2A and Fo-PLA2B fall under the category of Ca2+-independent cellular PLA2 (iPLA2), while Fo-PLA2C and Fo-PLA2D are classified a secretory PLA2 (sPLA2). Enzyme activity assays showed that all developmental stages of the thrips exhibited significant activity against both types of PLA2 substrates (arachidonic acid (AA) and non-AA), albeit with variations in enzyme kinetics across different developmental stages. Further examination revealed that all four PLA2 genes were expressed in every developmental stage. Fo-PLA2B and Fo-PLA2C displayed higher expression levels in larvae, while Fo-PLA2A and Fo-PLA2D were predominantly expressed in female and male adults, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that PLA2s likely serve specific functions during distinct developmental stages. Our results indicated that PLA2s play pivotal roles in mediating various physiological processes such as immunity, development, and reproduction. So, the differential expression of certain PLA2s in various stages suggests that each PLA2 may have a specific role during different stages. Additionally we conducted flouorescens in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis to localize PLA2 transcripts in different tissues, shedding light on their specific functions within these tissues. In summary, the four identified PLA2s are associated with distinct catalytic activities and exhibit differential expressions across developmental stages and tissues, collectively contributing to various physiological processes.