During the dismantling of nuclear facilities, a large quantity of radioactive concrete is generated and chelating agents are required for the decontamination process. However, disposing of environmentally persistent chelated wastes without eliminating the chelating agents might increase the rate of radionuclide migration. This paper reports a rapid and straightforward ion chromatography method for the quantification of citric acid (CA), a commonly used chelating agent. The findings demonstrate acceptable recovery yields, linearities, and reproducibilities of the simulated samples, confirming the validity of the proposed method. The selectivity of the proposed method was confirmed by effectively separating CA from gluconic acid, a common constituent in concretes. The limits of detection and quantification of the method were 0.679 and 2.059 mg·L−1, respectively, while the recovery yield, indicative of the consistency between theoretical and experimental concentrations, was 85%. The method was also employed for the quantification of CA in a real concrete sample. These results highlight the potential of this approach for CA detection in radioactive concrete waste, as well as in other types of nuclear wastes.

Chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) are widely used in industry and agriculture as water softeners, detergents, and metal chelating agents. In wastewater treatment plants, a significant amount of chelating agents can be discharged into natural waters because they are difficult to degrade. Since those compounds affect the mobility of radionuclides or heavy metals in decontamination operations at nuclear facilities and radioactive waste disposal, quantification of the amount of ligand is very important for safe nuclear waste management. To predict the behavior of the main complexation in sample matrices of radioactive wastes, it is essential to evaluate the distribution of the metal-chelating species and their stabilities in order to develop analytical techniques for quantifying chelating agents. We have investigated to collect information on the pH speciation of metal chelation and the stability constants of metal complexes depending on three chelating agents (EDTA, DTPA, and NTA). For example, Zhang’s group recently reported that the initial coordination pH of Cu(II) and EDTA4− is delayed with the addition of Fe(III), and the pH range for the stable existence of [Cu(EDTA)]2− is narrowed compared to when it is alone in the sample matrix. The addition of Fe(III) clearly impacts the chemical states of the Cu(II)-EDTA solution. Additionally, Eivazihollagh’s group demonstrated differences in the speciation and stability of Cu(II) species between Cu(II) and three chelating ligands (EDTA, DTPA, and NTA). This study will be greatly helpful in identifying the sample matrix for binding major chelating agents and metals as well as developing chemically sample pretreatment and separation methods based on the sample matrix. Finally, these advancements will enable reliable quantitative analysis of chelating agents in decommissioning radioactive wastes.

Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 (LATP) is considered to be one of the promising solid-state electrolytes owing to its excellent chemical and thermal stability, wide potential range (~5.0 V), and high ionic conductivity (~10-4 S/cm). LATP powders are typically prepared via the sol-gel method by adding and mixing nitrate or alkoxide precursors with chelating agents. Here, the thermal properties, crystallinity, density, particle size, and distribution of LATP powders based on chelating agents (citric acid, acetylacetone, EDTA) are compared to find the optimal conditions for densely sintered LATP with high purity. In addition, the three types of LATP powders are utilized to prepare sintered solid electrolytes and observe the microstructure changes during the sintering process. The pyrolysis onset temperature and crystallization temperature of the powder samples are in the order AC-LATP > CA-LATP > ED-LATP, and the LATP powder utilizing citric acid exhibits the highest purity, as no secondary phase other than LiTi2PO4 phase is observed. LATP with citric acid and acetylacetone has a value close to the theoretical density (2.8 g/cm3) after sintering. In comparison, LATP with EDTA has a low sintered density (2.2 g/cm3) because of the generation of many pores after sintering.

The surface of silicon dummy wafers is contaminated with metallic impurities owing to the reaction with and adhesion of chemicals during the oxidation process. These metallic impurities negatively affect the device performance, reliability, and yield. To solve this problem, a wafer-cleaning process that removes metallic impurities is essential. RCA (Radio Corporation of America) cleaning is commonly used, but there are problems such as increased surface roughness and formation of metal hydroxides. Herein, we attempt to use a chelating agent (EDTA) to reduce the surface roughness, improve the stability of cleaning solutions, and prevent the re-adsorption of impurities. The bonding between the cleaning solution and metal powder is analyzed by referring to the Pourbaix diagram. The changes in the ionic conductivity, H2O2 decomposition behavior, and degree of dissolution are checked with a conductivity meter, and the changes in the absorbance and particle size before and after the reaction are confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. Thus, the addition of a chelating agent prevents the decomposition of H2O2 and improves the life of the silicon wafer cleaning solution, allowing it to react smoothly with metallic impurities.

수은의 노출로부터 인간의 건강과 환경을 보호하기 위해 수은에 관한 미나마타 협약(Minamata Convention on Mercury)이 UNEP에 의해 2013년 10월에 채택되었다. 협약문 제11조에서는 3가지 종류의 수은폐기물에 관한 내용을 다루고 있다. 이 중 수은오염폐기물이 가장 큰 비중을 차지하며 산업시설로부터 다양한 종류의 부산물로써 환경으로 배출된다. 국내 산업시설에서 배출되는 수은오염폐기물은 폐기물관리법 공정시험법에서 지정하고 있는 용출시험법에 지정폐기물 또는 산업폐기물로 분류되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 산업시설에서 배출된 3가지 종류의 고상시료(생활폐기물 소각시설 비산재, 의료폐기물 소각시설 비산재, 비철금속 재련시설 폐슬러지)의 적정처리를 위해 안정화기술을 적용하였다. 환경에서 수은은 HgCl2, HgS, HgO 등의 형태로 존재하며 각 화합물은 열적안정도 또는 용해상수가 서로 다르다. 이와 같은 이유로 수계나 토양으로의 유출특성과 안정도를 알아보기 위해 총 5단계의 용출용매로 구성된 단계적 용출법(Sequential Extration Procedure, SEP)을 적용하였다. 용출용매로써 0.5M NH4Cl(1단계), 0.01M HCl+0.1M CH3COOH(2단계), 1M KOH(3단계), 12M HNO3(4단계) 및 Aqua regia(5단계)를 사용하였다. 1,2단계에서 용출된 수은화합물의 경우 다른 단계에 비해 이동도가 커 자연조건에서 쉽게 용출될 가능성이 높다. 3단계는 1,2 단계보다 상대적으로 강한 구조로 결합된 화학종이 용출된다. 4,5단계에서 용출된 수은화합물은 안정도가 높고 이동도가 낮아 자연조건에서 용해되기 어려운 화학종이라고 판단된다. EDTA는 중금속의 이동성을 높여주며 용액에 이온화된 상태로 수은화합물을 전환시켜 오히려 용출률을 높여 줄뿐만 아니라 수용액 상태로 용해시키기 위해서는 pH를 높여줄 첨가물이 필요하다. 이를 위해 Na2S를 사용하였고 Na로 인한 용액의 pH 상승과 S2-를 이용하여 이온화된 Hg2+를 HgS로 전환하여 더욱 안정화된 수은화합물을 형성하였다. 이를 확인하기 위해 안정화 처리 후 발생된 고상시료를 대상으로 단계적 용출법을 재적용 하였으며 5단계의 비율이 증가하는 것을 확인하여 안정화 처리기술을 검증하였다.