Jellyfish envenomation is a world-wide health problem, which often seriously affect the fishery and bathing activities. To date, few individual jellyfish venoms proteins have been thoroughly characterized yet. In this work, four species of scyphozoan jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai, Cyanea nozakii, Aurellia aurita and Rhopilema esculentum) are compared according to their, cytotoxicity, hemolytic potency, brine shrimp toxicity and protein components. Jellyfish venoms showed higher cytotoxicity in H9C2 heart myoblast than in C2C12 skeletal myoblast, with the exception of C. nozakii venom. This result suggests that the selective cytotoxic effects may be possibly related to their in vivo effects of cardiac tissue dysfunction. On the other hand, hemolytic activity could be also observed from all tested jellyfish venoms. N. nomurai jellyfish venom displaying the greatest hemolytic activity. As an alternative method of evaluating the toxicities of jellyfish venoms, the toxicity on brine shrimp was examined with the four jellyfish venoms. From this, the venom of N. nomurai showed higher toxicity against brine shrimp than the other jellyfish venoms, which is consistent with the results of cytotoxicity assay as well as hemolysis assay of the present study. SDS-PAGE analysis of four jellyfish venoms showed the similar pattern with molecular weight of around 40 kDa, and appeared to be the major protein components. These results provided that N. nomurai jellyfish venom was potently toxic than other scyphozoan jellyfish venoms and may explain to some extent the deleterious effects associated with human envenoming.

Comparative toxicity of different groups of pesticides on Apis mellifera L. were tested in the laboratory. Commercial formulations dissolved in water from the highest dose level marked on the label were serially diluted to 10^(-6) times to carry out oral trials on each pesticide. Fungicide (Metconazole), herbicide (Glyphosate), acaricide (Amitraz) and 3 insecticides (organophosphate Fenitrothion, neonicotinoids of Thiacloprid and Thiamethoxam) were compared. Thiamethoxam and fenitrothion caused higher mortality, and amitraz showed intermediate level of mortality while herbicide and fungicide showed minimal impacts. Among neonicotinoids, Thiamethoxam was highly toxic but thiacloprid showed mortality less than 25% even at the highest concentration. LC50 values were estimated as Amitraz 197.70, Fenitrothion 2.20, and Thiamethoxam 0.188 ppm at 24 h after treatment. Fungicide, herbicide and a neonicotinoid thiacloprid were all showed low oral toxicity. This study confirmed that the old pesticide, organophosphate was highly toxic and two different toxic path way exist for neonicotinoid pesticides.

The toxicities of 37 commercial pesticides for citrus pests were evaluated to N. fallacis. Eight fungicides (difenoconazole, imibenconazole, azoxystrobin, dithianon, fluazinam, procymidon, strep-tomycin, tribasic copper sulfate), three insecticides (dichlovos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) and four acaricides (milbemectin, tetradifon, dicofol, spirodiclofen) had lower effect to the hatchability of eggs N. fallacis. Six fungicides (propineb, difenoconazole, imibenconazole, azoxystrobin, dithianon, procymidon) and three acaricides (bifenazate, tetradifon, spirodiclofen) showed lower contact toxicity to adult N. fallacis. The secondary toxicity of 26 pesticides to N. fallacis adult were evaluated. Two fungicides (fluazinam, streptomycin) and 3 acaricides (machine oil, cyhexatin, halfenprox) showed low toxicity when the prey (eggs of spider mite) was treated with pesticides.

점박이응애, 간자와응애와 긴털이리응애에 대하여 abanectin 의 독성을 leaf disc 법으로 시험하였다. A-bamectin은 점박이응애나 간자와응애보다 긴털이리응애에 대하여 독성이 매우 낮았다. 긴털이리응애 암컷성충은 처리 농도가 증가할수록 생존율이 크게 감소하였으나, 0.38~6ppm에서 8~78%가 생존하였으며, 산란수도 농도 증가에 따라 크게 감소하였다. 모든 처리 농도에서 긴털이리응애 난의 부화나 생존 유.약충의 발육에는 영향이 없었다. 유.약충의 생존율은 농도 증가에 딸라 감소하여 0.38~3ppm에서 42~90%가 성충으로 우화하였다. 중독된 먹이를 섭식한 긴털이리응애 암컷 성충은 생존율에는 별 영향이 없었지만, 산란수와 차세대의 성비에는 상당한 영향을 받았다. 또한 긴털이리응애에 상대적으로 영향이 적어 아치사농도라할수 있는 0.38~0.75ppm에서의 abamectiondms 점박이응애나 간자와응애의 종합관리에서 긴털이리응애와 식식성응애류의 밀도비율 조절에 유요할것으로 생각된다.