Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.60 presents the response spectra for the seismic design, especially for the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE), of nuclear power plants. This guide is applicable to a two-step process involving the issuance of construction permits and operating licenses (10 CFR Part 50) as well as the issuance of combined construction and operating licenses (COLs), early site permits (ESPs), and standard plant design certifications (10 CFR Part 52) [1]. New reactor designs, however, require modified design response spectra (MDRS) by broadening the high-frequency range from design response spectra (DRS) in RG 1.60. In order to generate artificial time histories to meet the acceptable criteria described in NUREG-0800 [2], it9s necessary to develop the power spectral density of the MDRS. In this paper, we generate the artificial earthquake time histories of the MDRS for further research.

The design response spectrum presented in the seismic design standard reflects the characteristics of the tectonic environment at a site. However, since the design response spectrum does not represent the ground motion with a specific earthquake magnitude or distance, input ground motions for response history analysis need to be selected reasonably. It is appropriate to use observed ground motions recorded in Korea for the seismic design. However, recently recorded ground motions in the Gyeongju (2016) or Pohang (2017) earthquakes are not compatible with the design response spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the recorded ground motion in Korea to a model similar to the design response spectrum. In this study, several approaches to adjust the spectral acceleration level at each period range were tested. These are the intrinsic and scattering attenuation considering the earthquake environment, magnitude, distance change by the green function method, and a rupture propagation direction's directivity effect. Using these variables, the amplification ratio for the representative natural period was regressed. Finally, the optimum condition compatible with the design response spectrum was suggested, and the validation was performed by converting the recorded ground motion.

On November 15, 2017, Pohang earthquake occurred. Its local magnitude was announced to be ML=5.4 by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Ground motion data recorded at KMA stations were obtained from their data bases. From the data, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and V/H ratio were calculated. The horizontal spectra were defined as GMRotI50 spectra. From the statistical analysis of the GMRotI50 spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. Applying the same procedure, the shape and transition periods of vertical spectrum were obtained. These results were compared with the Korean standard design spectra, which were developed from domestic and overseas intra-plate earthquake records, and Gyeongju earthquake response spectra. The response spectra of Pohang earthquake were found to be almost identical with the newly proposed design spectra. Even the V/H ratios showed good agreement. These results confirmed that the method adopted when developing the standard design spectra were valid and the developed design spectra were reliable.

On September 12, 2016, Gyeongju earthquake occurred. Its local magnitude was announced to be ML=5.8 by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Ground motion data recorded at KMA, EMC and KERC stations was obtained from their data bases. From the data, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and V/H ratio were calculated. The horizontal spectrum was defined as geometric mean spectrum, GMRotI50. From the statistical analysis of the geometric mean spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. Applying the same procedure, the shape and transition periods of vertical spectrum was obtained. These results were compared with the Korean standard design spectra, which were developed from domestic and overseas intraplate earthquake records. The response spectra of Gyeongju earthquake were found to be almost identical with the newly proposed design spectra. Even the V/H ratios showed good agreement. These results confirmed that the method adopted when developing the standard design spectra were valid and the developed design spectra were reliable.

In the companion papers (I, II), site-specific response analyses were performed at more than 300 domestic sites and a new site classification system and design response spectra (DRS) were proposed using the results of the site-specific response analyses. In this paper, the proposed site classification system and the design response spectra are compared with those in other seismic codes and verified by different methods. Firstly, the design response spectra are compared with the design response spectra in Eurocode 8, KBC 2016 and MOCT 1997 to estimate quantitative differences and general trends. Secondly, site-specific response analyses are carried out using VS-profiles obtained using field seismic tests and the results are compared with the proposed DRS in order to reduce the uncertainty in using the SPT-N value in site-specific response analyses in the companion paper (I). In addition, site coefficients from real earthquake records measured in Korean peninsula are used to compare with the proposed site coefficients. Finally, dynamic centrifuge tests are also performed to simulate the representative Korean site conditions, such as shallow depth to bedrock and short-period amplification characteristics. The overall results showed that the proposed site classification system and design response spectra reasonably represented the site amplification characteristic of shallow bedrock condition in Korea.

In the companion paper (I – Database and Site Response Analyses), site-specific response analyses were performed at more than 300 domestic sites. In this study, a new site classification system and design response spectra are proposed using results of the site-specific response analyses. Depth to bedrock (H) and average shear wave velocity of soil above the bedrock (VS,Soil) were adopted as parameters to classify the sites into sub-categories because these two factors mostly affect site amplification, especially for shallow bedrock region. The 20 m of depth to bedrock was selected as the initial parameter for site classification based on the trend of site coefficients obtained from the site-specific response analyses. The sites having less than 20 m of depth to bedrock (H1 sites) are sub-divided into two site classes using 260 m/s of VS,Soil while the sites having greater than 20 m of depth to bedrock (H2 sites) are sub-divided into two site classes at VS,Soil equal to 180 m/s. The integration interval of 0.4 ~ 1.5 sec period range was adopted to calculate the long-period site coefficients (Fv) for reflecting the amplification characteristics of Korean geological condition. In addition, the frequency distribution of depth to bedrock reported for Korean sites was also considered in calculating the site coefficients for H2 sites to incorporate sites having greater than 30 m of depth to bedrock. The relationships between the site coefficients and rock shaking intensity were proposed and then subsequently compared with the site coefficients of similar site classes suggested in other codes.

Korea is part of a region of low to moderate seismicity located inside the Eurasian plate with bedrock located at depths less than 30 m. However, the spectral acceleration obtained from site response analyses based on the geologic conditions of inland areas of the Korean peninsula are significantly different from the current Korean seismic code. Therefore, suitable site classification scheme and design response spectra based on local site conditions in the Korean peninsula are required to produce reliable estimates of earthquake ground motion. In this study, site-specific response analyses were performed at more than 300 sites with at least 100 sites at each site categories of SC, SD, and SE as defined in the current seismic code in Korea. The process of creating a huge database of input parameters - such as shear wave velocity profiles, normalized shear modulus reduction curves, damping curves, and input earthquake motions - for site response analyses were described. The response spectra and site coefficients obtained from site response analyses were compared with those proposed for the site categories in the current code. Problems with the current seismic design code were subsequently discussed, and the development and verifications of new site classification system and corresponding design response spectra are detailed in companion papers (II-development of new site categories and design response spectra and III-Verifications)

Site response analyses were performed based on equivalent linear technique using shear wave velocity profiles of 162 sites collected around the Korean peninsula. The site characteristics, particularly the shear wave velocities and the depth to the bedrock, are compared to those in the western United States. The results show that the site-response coefficients based on the mean shear velocity of the top 30m (V_{S30}) suggested in the current code underestimates the motion in short-period ranges and overestimates the motion in mid-period ranges. The current Korean code based on UBC is required to be modified considering site characteristics in Korea for the reliable estimation of site amplification. From the results of numerical estimations, new regression curves were derived between site coefficients (F_{a}\;and\;F_{v}) and the fundamental site periods, and site coefficients were grouped based on site periods with reasonable standard deviations compared to site classification based on V_{S30}. Finally, new site classification system and modification of design response spectra are recommended considering geotechnical characteristics in Korea.

건축구조물의 비선형 지진응답해석에서 입력지진동은 구조물의 탄소성 지진응답을 좌우하는 중요한 요소이다. 지진동파형은 지진발생과 전파경로에 따른 여러 가지 인자에 의해 그 특성이 결정되기 때문에 구조물의 지진응답해석에서 일반성을 갖는 입력지진동을 선정하는 것은 매우 어려운 문제이다. 본 논문은 내진설계용 스펙트럼에 대응하는 인공지진동파형을 작성한 후, 작성된 인공지진동에 대한 탄소성 응답스펙트럼 특성을 분석한 것이다. 여기서 작성된 인공지진동파형은 과거의 지진에서 얻어진 기록지진동파형을 이용하여 기록지진동과 동일한 위상각을 가지며, 감쇠정수 h=5%일 때의 내진설계용 스펙트럼과 거의 일치하도록 작성되었다. 작성된 인공지진동은 원 기록지진동과 동일한 위상각을 가지며, 주기 T=0.02{\sim}10.0sec 범위에서 설계용 스펙트럼과 매우 근접하게 작성되었다. 인공지진동을 입력한 1자유도계의 탄성 및 탄소성 지진응답해석을 수행하여 탄소성 응답스펙트럼 및 탄소성 응답특성을 분석하였다. 본 논문에서 작성된 인공지진동은 건축구조물의 탄소성 지진응답해석용 입력지진동으로 충분히 타당성이 있다고 사료된다.

동반논문(II-지반분류 개선방법)에서는 지반의 고유주기를 기준으로 지반을 분류하는 방법이 국내 지반조건에 적합한 지반분류 방법으로 제시하였다. 그러나, 지반분류 방법을 개선하여도 해석결과의 평균 스펙트럼 가속도 값과 재산정된 응답스펙트럼과 차이가 나타나는 부분이 존재한다. 이는 설계응답스펙트럼을 작성에 필요한 증폭계수를 계산하는 방법을 변경해야 해결할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 지반조건에 적합하도록 증폭계수를 재산정하기 위한 적분구간 변경에 대하여 검토하였다. 검토 결과 장주기 영역의 증폭계수 F_v의 적분구간은 현재 주기 0.4초{\sim}2.0초에서 주기 0.4초{\sim}1.5초로 변경할 경우 해석결과의 평균 스펙트럼 가속도 값과 설계응답스펙트럼이 비교적 잘 일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었고, 기존의 방법보다 국내 지반특성에 더 적합한 설계응답스펙트럼을 작성할 수 있었다.

동반논문 (I)에서는 국내 지반특성에 적합하도록 국내 내진설계기준이 개선되어야 한다는 결론을 얻었다. 본 논문에서는 우수한 지반분류 방법을 찾기 위하여 상부 토층 30m의 평균 전단파속도(V_{S30}), 지반의 고유주기(T_G) 및 기반암 깊이를 이용한 지반분류 방법에 대하여 심도있게 검토하였다. 증폭계수(F_a,\;F_v)의 표준편차, 해석결과의 평균 스펙트럼 가속도와 재산정된 응답스펙트럼을 비교한 결과 각각의 방법에서 큰 차이가 발생하지 않아 특정한 방법이 우수하다고 판단하기 힘들었다. 그러나, T_G를 이용한 방법에서 RRS 값의 증폭구간이 좁은 구간에 집중되는 경향을 보여 지진시 유사한 거동특성을 나타내는 지반을 같은 지반그룹으로 분류할 수 있는 장점이 있었다. 또한, 증폭계수와 T_G의 상관관계를 나타내는 추세선의 경우, V_{S30} 방법 보다 입력 가속도의 증가에 따른 지반의 비선형성 효과를 더욱 명확하게 나타낼 수 있었다. 마지막으로, V_{S30}을 이용하여 지반을 분류할 경우 기반암이 30m 보다 얕은 곳에 존재하는 경우에도 무조건 심도 30m까지 기반암의 전단파속도를 가정하여 계산해야 하나, T_G를 이용할 경우 이러한 불확실성을 제거할 수 있어 우수한 방법으로 판단된다. 본 논문에서는 지반의 고유주기를 이용한 방법을 기반암 깊이가 얕은 국내지반특성에 적합한 지반분류 방법으로 제안하였다.

본 논문에서는 국내 162개 지반에 대한 전단파속도 주상도, 기반암 깊이 및 지반의 동적변형특성을 획득하여 등가선형해석을 수행한 후 미국 서부해안지역의 지반 특성과 비교 검토하였다. 검토 결과 국내의 일반적인 특성을 가지는 지반과 미국 서부해안지역의 지반은 기반암 깊이와 고유주기가 매우 다름을 확인하였다. 지진응답 해석 결과 단주기 증폭계수 F_a의 경우 1997 UBC 기준의 값보다 크게 산정되었고, 장주기 증폭계수 F_v는 작게 나타나 국내 지반특성에 적합한 증폭계수는 현재 국내 내진설계기준 값과는 매우 다른 경향을 보였다. 따라서, 증폭계수를 재산정하고 설계응답스펙트럼을 개선해야 할 필요성을 확인하였다. 본 논문에서는 현재 이용되고 있는 내진설계기준과 국내 지반특성과의 차이점 파악에 중점을 두었고, 개선방법에 대한 내용은 동반논문(II 지반분류 개선방법, III 설계응답스펙트럼 개선방법)에서 심도있게 논의하였다.

세계적으로 지진과 같은 자연재해로 인한 대규모 피해가 증가하고 있다. 다양한 연구를 통하여 건물에 대한 내진성능은 확보되었으나, 비구조요소의 내진성능 확보 미흡으로 인하여 인명 피해 및 경제적 손실이 발생하고 있다. 비구조요소는 구조물에 설치되는 위치가 다양하고, 구조물의 위치에 따라 발생하는 진동특성이 다르므로 구조물의 위치별 응답스펙트럼이 필요하다. 또한 구조물의 형식과 구조물이 설치되는 위치에 따라 구조물에 발생하는 응답스펙트럼이 다르게 발생한다. 따라서 응답스펙트럼의 선정이 중요하므로 비구조요소에 작용하는 응답스펙트럼을 도출할 수 있는 명확한 방법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 응답스펙트럼을 도출하는 방법을 제안하였으며, 제안한 방법으로 국내에서 발생 가능한 지반응답스펙트럼과 구조시스템을 선정하여 구조해석을 수행하였다. 또한, 간단한 수식으로 응답스펙트럼을 도출하는 방법을 제안함으로서, 비구조요소의 내진시험에 필요한 응답스펙트럼을 생성할 수 있도록 하였다.

Interest and requirement of seismic qualification for nonstructural components are increasing in South Korea after observing nonstructural component failures by Kyungju earthquake on 12, October, 2016. However, amplification of input motion by hight of building are not considered in most of seismic qualification or design for nonstructural components in South Korea. In this study, seismic loads are compared which is applied to seismic qualification or design for structural or nonstructural component. As a result, amplification effect by vertical location in a building for nonstructural component should be considered for efficient seismic qualifications. Also, further studies are needed how to apply those amplification effects to required response spectra.

In this study, it modeled the ground proper to geotechnical site characteristics in Korean urban area, compared geotechnical site characteristics of the selected 158 grounds in Korean urban areas with characteristics of the ground in the western part of the United States and performed earthquake responses to improve the decision method of the design earthquake force. Based on the amplification factor from the analysis results, the response spectra of each ground were developed and analyzed with the design response spectra presented in the seismic design criteria.

In this study, it modeled the ground proper to geotechnical site characteristics in Korean urban area, compared geotechnical site characteristics of the selected 158 grounds in Korean urban areas with characteristics of the ground in the western part of the United States and performed earthquake responses to improve the decision method of the design earthquake force. Based on the amplification factor from the analysis results, the response spectra of each ground were developed and analyzed with the design response spectra presented in the seismic design criteria.

In order to understand the seismic performance of weir structure under seismic events, concrete weir structure with infinite foundations was modeled in ABAQUS. Additionally, this study conducted the three different design response spectra based on KBC 2009, ASCE 7-05, and EuroCode 8. The results from numerical analyses showed that the seismic behavior of weir structure subjected to seismic ground motions was sensitive to natural frequency and mass participation factors.