경기도에서 유통중인 포도씨유 50건을 대상으로 잔류농 약 실태를 조사하였다. 50건 중 49건에서 10종의 잔류농 약이 161회 검출되었다. 검출된 농약은 boscalid, cyflufenamid, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fluxapyroxad, fenpyrazamine, kresoxim-methyl, piperonyl butoxide, tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin 으로 살충제 2종, 살균제 8종이었으며 살균제인 boscalid가 44회, fluxapyroxad가 35회로 가장 빈번하게 검출되었다. 검 출범위는 0.01-1.10 mg/kg으로 모두 포도의 잔류농약 허용 기준 이내로 검출되었다. 검출된 농약의 회수율은 72.6- 129.8%이었으며 검출된 농약의 위해성을 알아보기 위해 %ADI를 산출한 결과 0.0028% 이하로 나타나 포도씨유의 잔류농약으로 인한 위해성은 안전한 수준으로 조사되었다. 그러나 본 연구는 시료의 수가 적고 GC/MS/MS로 분석가 능한 농약만 조사하였기 때문에 보다 신뢰성 있는 결과를 얻기 위해선 앞으로도 꾸준한 추적 조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, we detected the presence of residual pesticides in 341 agricultural products collected from local food outlets in western Gyeonggi Province. Residual pesticides were detected in 105 (30.8%) samples. Six samples exceeded the legal limits for residual pesticides, resulting in a non-compliance rate of 1.8%, which was slightly higher than the average non-compliance rate of 1.4% in the last three years. Among the tested agricultural products, only fruits and vegetables were found to have pesticide residues, with 24 of 34 fruits (a detection rate of 70.6%) and 81 of 277 vegetables (a detection rate of 29.2%) testing positive. In total, 59 types of pesticides, including acetamiprid, which was detected 208 times, were detected and had a detection range of 0.01–2.38 mg/kg. Among the 105 agricultural products containing pesticide residues, a single pesticide was detected in 62 samples (59%) and two or more pesticides were detected in 43 samples (41%). In particular, 14 pesticides were detected in the same sample of peaches; dinotefuran was detected 21 times. Upon examining the toxicity of the detected pesticides, Class III pesticides (moderate toxicity) were detected 44 times (21.2%) and Class IV pesticides (low toxicity) were detected 164 times (78.8%). Class I, II, and III pesticides with fish toxicity were detected 68 (32.7%), 14 (6.7%), and 126 times (60.6%), respectively. Upon examining the exposure to high-frequency pesticide components detected five or more times, the hazard index was found to be ≤2.8%. Accordingly, the hazard of residual pesticides based on dietary intake was deemed insignificant.

The status of residual pesticides was investigated in four pepper seed oil samples and 36 pepperflavored oil samples oil distributed on the market from August to December 2022. A total of 179 pesticides were monitored in 40 samples, and 14 pesticides were detected in 39 of the samples, with a detection range of 0.01-2.16 mg/kg. In chili seed oil, 10 pesticides were detected 27 times with a range of 0.11-2.16 mg/kg, and in pepper-flavored oil, 9 pesticides were detected 94 times with a range of 0.01-0.80 mg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides were tebuconazole, ethion, and difenoconazole, with ethion being detected in large concentrations in products using Chinese raw materials. Ethion, an unregistered pesticide in the Republic of Korea, has not been detected in the Gyeonggi-do area in the past 10 years. It is thought that the detection of ethion can be utilized as an indicator of products made in China. Peppers are a representative agricultural product for which many pesticides are used, and if the pesticides transferred to pepper seeds are not removed, the probability of detecting various types of pesticides in pepper seed oil is very high. Therefore, continuous research is needed to ensure the safety of pepper seed oil.

A total of 100 commercially available olive oil products were analyzed for 179 pesticide residues using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The olive oil samples were mixed with organic solvents, centrifuged and frozen to remove fat, and pesticide residues were analyzed using the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe” (QuEChERS) method. The determination coefficient (R2) of the analysis method used in this study was ≥0.998. The detection limit of the method ranged 0.004–0.006 mg/kg and its quantitative limit ranged 0.012–0.017 mg/kg. The recovery rate (n=5) measured at the level ranging 0.01–0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg ranged 66.8– 119.5%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was determined to be ≤5.7%, confirming that this method was suitable for the "Guidelines for Standard Procedures for Preparing Food Test Methods". The results showed that a total of 151 pesticides (including difenoconazole, deltamethrin, oxyfluorfen, kresoxim-methyl, phosmet, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin) were detected in 64 of the 100 olive oil products. The detection range of these pesticide residues was 0.01–0.30 mg/kg. The percentage acceptable daily intake (%ADI) of the pesticides calculated using ADI and estimated daily intake (EDI) was 0.0001–0.1346, indicating that the detected pesticides were present at safe levels. This study provides basic data for securing the safety of olive oil products by monitoring pesticide residues in commercially available oilve oil products. Collectively, the analysis method used in this study can be used as a method to analyze residual pesticides in edible oils.

To analyze the pesticide residues in commercial bee pollen products in South Korea, 61 samples were collected and screened for 339 pesticides. Results revealed that approximately 34% (>LOQ) of samples were contaminated with at least one pesticide. The pesticide residue detection rates of domestic and imported samples were 31% and 44%, respectively. Furthermore, the pesticide residue detection rate of online distribution (60%) was higher than that of offline distribution (27%). Fifteen pesticides were discovered in bee pollen, and pendimethalin, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, and fluazinam were detected in 7, 6, 3, and 2 order of frequency, respectively. Even though its concentration was low, chlorfenvinphos which is banned in food crops in the United States, European Union, and Korea, was detected in bee pollen samples commonly. Therefore, continuous investigation of pesticide residues in bee pollen products and their acceptance criteria is required for safety.

현재, 국내에서는 가공식품인 식용유지에 대한 잔류농약 허용기준이 설정되어 있지 않아 잔류농약은 식용유 품질평 가의 사각지대라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 식용유지에서 가열증류법을 이용하여 68종의 농약을 대상으로 추출 및 정 제법을 최적화하여 GC-MS/MS 분석법을 확립하였다. 가열 증류법은 가열온도 및 시간의 영향을 받았으며 이동상의 역 할을 하는 질소의 유량과 용출용매의 종류에는 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 잔류농약의 결정 계수(R2)는 0.99 이상으로 나타났고, 정량한계(LOQ)는 0.01- 0.02 mg/L이었으며, 대두유를 이용하여 0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 mg/L 수준으로 회수율 실험 결과 평균 회수율(n=5)은 66.1- 120.0%이었고 상대표준편차는 ±10%이하로 나타났다. 또한 실험실내 일간정밀도는 11%이하로 조사되어, 식품의약품안 전평가원의 ‘식품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라 인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에 서 개발한 시험법은 식용유지의 잔류농약 안전관리를 위한 시험법으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 2021년 2월부터 7월까지 잡곡 106건을 수거 하여 잔류농약 실태조사를 하였다. 대형, 중소형 및 온라 인 유통매장을 중심으로 국내 잡곡 40건과 수입 잡곡 66 건을 수거하였고, GC/MSMS, GC/ECD, GC/NPD, LC/ MSMS, UPLC/PDA, HPLC/FLD를 이용하여 다종농약 다 성분분석법으로 잔류농약 341종을 분석하였다. 잔류농약 이 검출된 잡곡은 대형유통매장 1건, 중소형 유통매장 2 건, 온라인 유통매장 5건으로 총 8건(7.5%)이었고, 5건 (4.7%)에서는 농약잔류허용기준을 초과하였다. 이들 잡곡 에서는 MGK-264, chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, pirimiphos-methyl 등 6종의 농약 성분 이 검출되었다. 검출된 잡곡은 강낭콩(1건), 녹두(6건), 수 수(1건)이다. 검출된 잡곡 중 농약잔류허용기준을 초과한 품목은 수입 녹두(5건)로 미얀마산이었고, 초과한 농약 성 분은 thiamethoxam이었다.

본 연구는 2019년 경기도내 대형매장과 중소형매장 및 재리시장에서 유통 중인 스테인리스, 알루미늄, 철 등 금속제 주방기구 82건을 대상으로 중금속 등 11종(납, 카드뮴, 비소 등)의 오염도를 조사하여 금속제 주방기구의 위생관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 금속제 주방기구의 용출시험결과, 금속의 용출빈도는 철>알루미늄>크롬, 니켈>아연>구리>납>비소>안티몬>주석> 카드뮴의 순으로 이었고 용출률은 7.3-93.9%이었다. 조사 대상 82건 중 알루미늄 주방기구 1건에서 니켈이 기준을 초과(결과 1.4 mg/L, 기준 0.1 mg/L 이하)한 것으로 나타났으며 그 밖에 기준이 설정되어 있지 않은 철에 코팅한 주방기구에서 니켈이 식품용 기구 및 용기·포장 공전 금속제 기준을 5배-193배 초과한 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 기준규격의 설정이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 코팅하지 않은 금속제와 내부를 코팅한 주방기구 평균 용출량을 비교해보면, 알루미늄과 철은 코팅한 주방기구에서 낮게 나타났고 나머지 대부분의 중금속은 코팅한 주방기구에서 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 국산과 수입산으로 나누어 평균 용출량을 비교한 결과, 알루미늄과 철은 국산 및 수입산 모두 다른 중금속에 비해 높은 수준으로 나타났는데 알루미늄은 국산주방기구에서, 철은 수입산 주방기구에서 높게 나타났다. 주방기구의 코팅재질별로 평균 용출량을 비교한 결과, 불소수지 코팅에서는 알루미늄, 세라믹 코팅에서는 알루미늄, 철, 법랑코팅에서는 니켈, 알루미늄, 철, 구리, 기타(실리콘과 티타늄)코팅에서는 철의 용출량이 높게 나타났다.

본 연구는 현재 유통 중인 다이어트 제품 62건에 대한 부정유해물질의 실태조사를 위하여 비만치료제 및 그 유사물질 6종(오르리스타트, 시부트라민, 데스메틸시부트라민, 디데스메틸시부트라민, 클로로시부트라민, 클로로시펜트라민)과 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 비소) 함량을 조사하였다. 연구결과, 다이어트 제품 62건에 대하여 비만치료제 및 그 유사물질 6종은 검출되지 않았다. 중금속은 납, 카드뮴, 비소 각각 다류의 경우 ND-0.177 mg/kg, 0.002-0.233 mg/kg, 0.001-0.188 mg/kg, 캔디류의 경우 ND-0.370 mg/kg, 0.003- 0.057 mg/kg, 0.007-0.120 mg/kg, 체중조절용조제식품의 경우 ND-0.055 mg/kg, 0.012-0.045 mg/kg, 0.010-0.163 mg/ kg의 함량을 나타냈다. 기준 규격이 설정되어있지 않은 기타가공식품의 경우 납, 카드뮴, 비소 각각 ND-2.324 mg/ kg, 0.004-0.936 mg/kg, 0.003-21.247 mg/kg의 함량을 보였으며, 비소의 경우 2건이 PTWI 기준치 이상의 수치를 보였다. 결과적으로 식품군의 안전관리를 위하여 향후 기준 규격이 없는 기타가공식품 유형에 대한 적절한 기준 설정이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

In a seismic design, a structural demand by an earthquake load is determined by design response spectra. The ground motion is a three-dimensional movement; therefore, the design response spectra in each direction need to be assigned. However, in most design codes, an identical design response spectrum is used in two horizontal directions. Unlike these design criteria, a realistic seismic input motion should be applied for a seismic evaluation of structures. In this study, the definition of horizontal spectral acceleration representing the two-horizontal spectral acceleration is reviewed. Based on these methodologies, the horizontal responses of observed ground motions are calculated. The data used in the analysis are recorded accelerograms at the stations near the epicenters of recent earthquakes which are the 2007 Odeasan earthquake, 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, and 2017 Pohang earthquake. Geometric mean-based horizontal response spectra and maximum directional response spectrum are evaluated and their differences are compared over the period range. Statistical representation of the relations between geometric mean and maximum directional spectral acceleration for horizontal direction and spectral acceleration for vertical direction are also evaluated. Finally, discussions and suggestions to consider these different two horizontal directional spectral accelerations in the seismic performance evaluation are presented.

본 연구에서는 2017년 대형유통매장 및 온라인에서 유통 중인 식약공용농산물 중 다소비 13품목 117건을 대상으로 중금속 4종(납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은)과 아플라톡신(B1, B2, G1, G2)의 함량을 조사하였다. 납 함량 분석 결과 117건 모두 기준(5 mg/kg이하) 이내로 검출되었고, 납의 검출량을 살펴보면 백출, 오가피, 갈근, 당귀에서 상대적으로 높게 검출되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 카드뮴 함량 분석 결과 2.6%가 기준을 초과하여 검출되었다. 카드뮴 기준 초과한 시료는 갈근 2건, 백출 1건이고, 검출량은 갈근 2건에서 각각 2.150 mg/kg, 1.822 mg/kg(기준 0.3 mg/kg 이하)이었고, 백출이 1.130 mg/kg(기준 0.7 mg/kg 이하)이었다. 조사한 13품목 중 백출, 갈근, 당귀, 길경 등 뿌리 및 뿌리줄기 부위를 사용하는 식약공용농산물의 카드뮴 오염도가 비교적 높게 조사되었다. 비소 함량 분석 결과 ND~0.610 mg/kg의 검출범위를 나타내어 조사한 시료 모두 비소 기준(3 mg/kg 이하)에 적합하였다. 품목별 비소 함량 비교 결과 당귀가 평균 0.162 mg/kg으로 상대적으로 높게 검출되었다. 수은 함량 분석 결과 ND~0.0139 mg/kg으로 검출되어 식약공용농산물의 수은 오염도가 낮음을 확인하였다. 식약공용농산물의 아플라톡신(B1, B2, G1, G2) 오염도 조사 결과 11.1%의 검출률을 나타내었다. 갈근에서는 아플라톡신 G1이 검출되었고 감초의 경우 2건 모두 아플라톡신 G2가 검출되었다. 당귀는 검사한 10건 모두 아플라톡신 G1, B2가 동시에 검출되었다. 식약공용농산물 13품목 중 갈근, 백출, 감초, 당귀와 같이 뿌리부위를 사용하는 품목의 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은) 및 아플라톡신(B1, B2, G1, G2) 검출률이 높게 조사되었다. 식약공용농산물의 안전한 유통 및 효율적인 품질관리를 위해서는 비의도적 유해물질에 대한 수거·검사 확대 실시를 통해 부정불량 제품의 유통을 차단하고, 곰팡이독소 오염도 조사 결과를 바탕으로 기준규격 설정 검토 등의 품질관리체계 마련이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The site coefficients in the common requirements for seismic design codes, which were promulgated in 2017, were reevaluated and the standard design spectrum for soil sites were newly proposed in order to ensure the consistency of the standard design spectra for rock and soil sites specified in the common requirements. Using the 55 ground motions from domestic and overseas intraplate earthquakes, which were used to derive the standard design spectrum for rock sites, as rock outcropping motions, site response analyses of Korean soil were performed and its ground-motion-amplification was characterized. Then, the site coefficients for soil sites were reevaluated. Compared with the existing site coefficients, the newly proposed short-period site coefficient Fa increased and the long-period site coefficient Fv decreased overall. A new standard design spectrum for soil sites was proposed using the reevaluated site coefficients. When compared with the existing design spectrum, it could be seen that the proposed site coefficients and the standard design spectrum for soil sites were reasonably derived. They reflected the short-period characteristics of earthquake and soil in Korea.

On November 15, 2017, Pohang earthquake occurred. Its local magnitude was announced to be ML=5.4 by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Ground motion data recorded at KMA stations were obtained from their data bases. From the data, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and V/H ratio were calculated. The horizontal spectra were defined as GMRotI50 spectra. From the statistical analysis of the GMRotI50 spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. Applying the same procedure, the shape and transition periods of vertical spectrum were obtained. These results were compared with the Korean standard design spectra, which were developed from domestic and overseas intra-plate earthquake records, and Gyeongju earthquake response spectra. The response spectra of Pohang earthquake were found to be almost identical with the newly proposed design spectra. Even the V/H ratios showed good agreement. These results confirmed that the method adopted when developing the standard design spectra were valid and the developed design spectra were reliable.

In this study, we develop and propose damping correction factors for the Korean standard design spectra. The newly proposed Korean standard design spectra has been given only for 5% damping ratio. But in practice, engineers need design spectra for damping values other than 5%. To obtain design spectra for various damping values from the standard spectra, damping correction factors are derived. These factors modify the shape of design spectra in accordance with the damping ratio. Response spectra for various damping values are calculated from the earthquake records that had been used to calculate standard design spectra. They consist of 55 records from 18 earthquakes occurred in overseas intraplate regions and Korea. The regressed spectra for the damping values ranging from 0.5% to 50% are compared with standard spectra at three regions acceleration, velocity and displacement sensitive regions. The regression analysis of these data rendered formula for damping correction factors. Finally, a single formula for damping correction factors is recommended that is valid for both horizontal and vertical design spectra and that is applicable to the entire range of periods. One thing to note that recommended damping correction factors is valid for the design spectrum of the rock grounds because the design spectra was developed based on the earthquake records of the rock ground.

시중 유통 중인 곡류, 콩류, 견과류, 종실류 등 134건에 대하여 8종의 곰팡이독소를 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 동시 분석하였다. 전체 시료 중 22건에서 fumonisin B1, B2, zearalenone, ochratoxin A 등 4종이 검출되어 16.4%가 곰팡이독소에 오염된 것으로 나타났으며 독성이 강한 aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2는 검출되지 않았다. 검출된 곰팡이독소 중 fumonisin (B1+B2)은 0.48~560.2 μg/kg, zearalenone은 0.22~ 28.6 μg/kg 수준으로 검출되었고 평균 검출량은 fumonisin 이 곡류 49.3 μg/kg, 유지종실류 10.1 μg/kg, zearalenone이 곡류 1.9 μg/kg, 콩류 1.5 μg/kg이었으며, ochratoxin A는 곡류에서 0.08 μg/kg 수준으로 검출되었다. 기장에서 검출 된 ochratoxin A는 4.8 μg/kg으로 기준치인 5.0 μg/kg에 근 접하여 검출되었는데 생산년도가 2016년인 것을 감안하면 상당히 높은 수준으로 지속적인 관심이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 곰팡이독소가 검출된 나머지 품목은 2015년에 생산되었는데 특히 곡류 중 율무와 수수는 대부분의 시료에서 곰팡이독소가 검출됐으며 땅콩 및 견과류에서는 검출 되지 않았다. 곰팡이독소가 검출된 품목의 검출빈도를 살펴보면 율무 66.7%, 수수 87.5%, 조 20%, 기장 20%로 곡류 중 약 27%가 독소에 오염된 것으로 나타났고, 콩류는 팥에서 60%가 검출되어 콩류 전체로는 12.5%가 오염됐으며 유지종실류는 깨에서 33.3%가 검출되어 유지종실류 전체로는 11.8%가 독소에 노출된 것으로 나타났다. 한편 곰팡이독소 중 fumonisin과 zearalenone이 동시에 검출된 품목은 율무 2건, 수수 3건이었으며 fumonisin이 검출된 경우 대부분의 시료에서 fumonisin B1, B2 가 동시에 검출 되었으나 율무, 조, 참깨 각 1건에서 fumonisin B1만 검출 되었다. 본 연구결과를 기초로 하여 산출한 1인 1일 노출 량은 곡류의 경우 fumonisin 1.4 × 10−2 μg/kg b.w./day, zearalenone 5.6 × 10−4 μg/kg b.w./day, ochratoxin A 2.2 × 10−5 ng/kg b.w./day 이었으며 콩류에서는 zearalenone 5.4 × 10−5 μg/kg b.w./day, 종실류는 7.4 × 10−5 μg/kg b.w./day으로 이를 바탕으로 WHO/JECFA에서 제시한 자료를 바탕으로 PMTDI 대비 인체 노출량을 산출한 결과 fumonisin은 곡류 0.72% 종실류 0.004% zearalenone 곡류 0.11%, 콩류 0.01%에 해당하는 양이었으며 ochratoxin A는 PTWI 대비 0.14%, EC의 TDI 대비 0.45%로 검출된 곰팡이독소가 인체에 대한 유해할 가능성은 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구결과 곰팡이독소는 기준치 이내의 아주 적은 양 검출되 었지만 기후 온난화로 인해 독성이 강한 곰팡이독소가 생성되기 쉬운 환경으로 변해가고 있어 농산물의 생산, 저장, 포장 과정에 이르기까지 보다 폭 넓은 연구가 이루어져 곰팡이독소로 인한 안전성 논란에 대비해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

On September 12, 2016, Gyeongju earthquake occurred. Its local magnitude was announced to be ML=5.8 by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Ground motion data recorded at KMA, EMC and KERC stations was obtained from their data bases. From the data, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and V/H ratio were calculated. The horizontal spectrum was defined as geometric mean spectrum, GMRotI50. From the statistical analysis of the geometric mean spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. Applying the same procedure, the shape and transition periods of vertical spectrum was obtained. These results were compared with the Korean standard design spectra, which were developed from domestic and overseas intraplate earthquake records. The response spectra of Gyeongju earthquake were found to be almost identical with the newly proposed design spectra. Even the V/H ratios showed good agreement. These results confirmed that the method adopted when developing the standard design spectra were valid and the developed design spectra were reliable.

This paper is a case study to demonstrate the applicability of a new horizontal jet grouting construction technology to from a ring of improved ground around the tunnel periphery which will guarantee the stability and impermeability of the opening using dual-rod, called Twin-Jet. Normally, the soil-cement admixture after the mixing in a fluid state, which will flow out from the horizontal hole. For the purpose to solving this crucial problem, Twin-Jet technology was invented to solidify soft soil and fractured rock instantly. The fundamental principles of the Twin-Jet method are introduced and sodium silicate(water-glass) is selected as the binder to accelerate the hardening process of an admixture of grout and soil under high pressure of about 10 to 40MPa to create the instant solidification. A filed test was conducted in the tunnel at OOO in Pusan. Field and laboratory results showed that the admixture can be quick gelled within 10 to 20 seconds. The diameter of jet-grouted column reached 0.6 meter and the strength after 28 days reached 2.0MPa.

The aim of this study was to determine total mercury and methyl mercury level in fishes (Deepsea Fish, Tuna, Billfish) and fishery products. A total of 101 fishes and 44 fishery products samples collected from commercial market in Gyeonggi-do. Total mercury were analysed by mercury analyzer and methyl mercury were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. In the fishes, total mercury was detected in all samples and methylmercury was detected in 92 samples of them. The detection rate of methylmercury was 91.1% in fishes. The mean concentration (mg/kg) of total mercury and methylmercury were 1.968 ± 0.505/0.496 ± 0.057 for Billfish, 0.665 ± 0.091/0.252 ± 0.033 for Deep-sea Fish and 0.577 ± 0.085/0.218 ± 0.025 for Tuna, respectively. The Swordfish contains the highest level of total mercury (1.968 mg/kg) and methylmercury (0.496 mg/kg). In Mabled rockfish, the ratio of methylmercury’s contents about total mercury’s contents was the highest as 66.5%. In case of fishery products, frozens made of 100% of raw material contained the highest level of total mercury and methyl mercury. The weekly intake of total mercury and methylmercury was calculated in 4.72% and 5.24% of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) respectively. This study showed that the weekly intake of methylmercury from Deep-sea Fish, Tuna and Billfish was less than the PTWI recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives.

The vertical design spectrum for Korea, which is known to belong to an intra-plate region, is developed from the ground motion records of the earthquakes occurred in Korea and overseas intra-plate regions. From the statistical analysis of the vertical response spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. The developed design spectrum is valid for the estimation both spectral acceleration and displacement. The ratio of vertical to horizontal response spectrum for each record is calculated. Statistical analysis of the ratios rendered the vertical to horizontal ratio (V/H ratio). Subsequently the ratio between the peak vertical ground acceleration to the horizontal one is obtained.

The design spectrum for Korea, which is known to belong to an intra-plate region, is developed from the ground motion records of the earthquakes occurred in Korea and overseas intra-plate regions. The horizontal spectrum is defined as geometric mean spectrum, GMRotI50. From the statistical analysis of the geometric mean spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. The developed design spectrum is valid for the estimation both spectral acceleration and displacement.