Background: The serratus anterior (SA) is a muscle that performs protraction of the scapulothoracic joint and plays a role in stabilizing the scapula. Imbalances or weaknesses in SA activation are associated with a variety of shoulder dysfunctions, making selective SA strengthening important for rehabilitation. Objects: We aimed to compare the muscle activation of the pectoralis major (PM), SA, external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise with isometric hip adduction (HA) and abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM). Methods: Nineteen healthy male participants performed three PUP exercises: standard PUP, PUP with ADIM, and PUP with HA. Surface electromyography was used to measure and analyze the muscle activity for PM, SA, EO, and IO. Results: PUP with HA showed the lowest PM activity and highest SA activity, and no significant difference was observed between PUP and PUP with ADIM. PUP with ADIM showed significantly the highest EO and IO activity, followed by PUP with HA and PUP. Additionally, PUP with HA showed the lowest PM/SA ratio, and no significant difference was noted between PUP and PUP with ADIM. Conclusion: PUP with HA was able to show high SA muscle activity while reducing PM muscle activity. In addition, PUP with HA can lead to higher EO and IO muscle activity than standard PUP. This exercise could be used as a practical exercise method to selectively strengthen SA and improve scapular muscle stability during early shoulder rehabilitation.

이 연구는 지도경연대회들을 탐구하여 지도그리기의 지도학습과의 관련성을 파악하고, 지리교육에서 지도그리기의 활용방안을 제안한다. 이를 위해 한국과 일본의 어린이 지도경연대회들과 국제지도학회의 바버라 페추닉 지도경연대회의 취지와 운영 방식 뿐만 아니라, 수상작품들을 비교했다. 한국의 지도경연대회는 짧은 역사속에서도 주제가 마을을 그리는 그림지도에서 ‘세계속의 대한민국’을 창의적이고 예술적으로 표현한 지도로 변화했다. 이는 지도의 원리와 기호 사용의 이해를 넘어 지도의 상징성과 예술성을 강조하는 쪽으로 지도학습이 변화된 것이다. 일본의 지도경연대회가 환경지도 그리기 활동을 지리 탐구와 병행하는 점과 바버라 페추닉 지도경연대회가 주제별로 작품을 모집하고 이의 교육적 활용을 중시하는 점은 향후 한국의 지도경연대회의 운영 방향과 지도학습에서 지도그리기의 활용 방안을 수립하는데 시사하는 바가 크다.

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and erector spinae (ES) muscle activity during arm lifts in prone and standing positions. Twenty healthy subjects were recruited, and NoraxonTeleMyo 2400T was used to collect electromyographic signals from the LT, SA, and ES muscles. A two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) used a significance level of .05. If a significant interaction was found, pairwise comparisons were performed with a Bonferroni adjustment (.05/4=.013). The results of the study were as follows: 1) In LT, no significant ADIM by position interaction was found (=.356, p=.558). There was a significant main effect for ADIM. LT muscle activity with ADIM was significantly greater compared with muscle activity without ADIM (=82.863, p<.001). There was also a significant main effect for position. LT muscle activity in the prone position was greater compared with muscle activity in the standing position (=116.401, p<.001). 2) In SA, significant ADIM by position interaction was found (=8.687, p=.008). There were significant differences in all pairwise comparisons. The greatest SA muscle activity was observed in the standing position with ADIM. 3) In ES, significant ADIM by position interaction was found (=122.473, p<.001). The lowest ES muscle activity was elicited in the standing position with ADIM. Based on these results, ADIM is advocated in the prone position to increase LT muscle activity. In addition, it is concluded that arm lifts in the standing position with ADIM offer the most favorable combination for reducing ES muscle activity and increasing SA muscle activity.

This present study investigated the effects of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and chin tuck (CT) on middle thoracic erector spinae, lower thoracic erector spinae, and lumbar erector spinae muscle activity during three prone thoracic extension (PTE) exercises. Twelve healthy subjects performed preferred PTE, ADIM PTE, and ADIM-CT PTE. Surface electromyography was used to collect data on the muscle activity of dominant middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscles and the lumbar erector spinae. Middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity significantly increased when ADIM and CT was performed (p<.05). However, lumbar erector spinae muscle activity significantly decreased in ADIM PTE compared to preferred PTE (p=.017) and significantly increased in ADIM-CT PTE compared to ADIM PTE (p=.004). In conclusion, ADIM-CT PTE effectively increased middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity, and ADIM PTE decreased lumbar erector spinae muscle activity. Hence, ADIM PTE could be a recommended exercise maneuver to strengthen thoracic erector spinae without over activation of lumbar erector spinae.

8학년(중학교 2학년)을 대상으로 '지구와 별' 단원의 지구계 수업 모듈을 개발하였다. 그리고 이 수업 모듈 중 태양계 행성을 학습하는 행성 리모델링 활동을 개발하였다. 이 활동의 핵심은 행성에 생명체가 살 수 있도록 행성을 리모델링하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 쓰기와 그리기로 표현된 학생들의 생각의 시각화와 이를 통해 학생들의 이해를 해석하였다 학생들의 인지구조를 분석하기 위하여 4개로 법주화된 분석틀을 개발하여 적용하였다. 그리고 인지적 내용 특성을 분석하기 위하여 지구계의 구성 요소별 그리고 과학과 기술의 이용별로 분석 요소를 세분화하여 적용하였다. 행성 리모델링 활동을 통해 분석한 학생들의 인지에는 지구 소양과 같은 지구계 수업의 영향이 나타났다.

An abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a pressure biofeedback unit can be used to prevent excessive lumbar lordosis during bridging exercise. Therefore, in this research, the effects of an ADIM on lumbar lordosis and lower extremity muscle activity during bridging exercise were investigated in thirty healthy adults. Surface electromyography (EMG) and VICON system were used to collect kinematic data and muscle activity, respectively. A paired t-test was used to determine a statistical significance. The results showed as follows: (1) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the height of the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter decreased significantly (p<.05). (2) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the trunk extension angle and pelvic angle increased significantly (p<.05). (3) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude increased significantly in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique abdominis, medial hamstring, and lateral hamstring (p<.05). (4) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude decreased significantly in the erector spinae (p<.05). From the result of this research, an ADIM trained with pressure biofeedback unit during bridging exercise is effective to prevent excessive contraction of erector spinae, to limit excessive motion of pelvis from sagittal plane and to increase muscle activity of abdominal muscles and hamstring muscle.

본 연구는 유치원에서의「벽화」프로젝트 활동이 유아의 그리기표상능력과 친사회적 행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구대상은 경북 J유치원 만5세 유아 24명을 실험집단으로, H유치원 만5세 유아 24명을 비교집단으로 하였다. 실험집단의 경우 2016년 4월 25일부터 6월 24일까지 9주간 연구자와 교사가 함께 관련문헌과 유아특성 및 상황을 고려하여 계획한「벽화」프로젝트의 각 단계 별 활동을 매주 3-4회를 기준으로, 유아의 흥미와 몰입 정도 및 유치원 상황에 따라 융통성 있게 운영하였다. 비교 집단의 경우 같은 기간 동안 생활주제 중심 미술활동을 실시하였다. 연구도구는 「그리기표상능력 검사」(지성애, 김희정, 김치곤, 2011)와 「친사회적 행동 검사」(이원영, 박찬옥, 노영희, 1993) 결과 도구를 사용하였다. 연구문제를 검증하기 위해 t검증을 실시한 결과, 유치원에서의「벽화」프로젝트 활동은 유아의 그리기표상능력과 친사회적 행동 증진에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구에서 적용한「벽화」프로젝트 활동은 유아의 그리기표상능력과 친사회적 행동을 증진시키기 위한 교수․학습 방법으로 적용 가능함을 시사한다.

This study investigated the environmental awareness synthetically with the drawing activity for making up for the weak points in the writing test that cannot measure emotional aspects. This study found that students have negative viewpoints on reasonable judgement for the present and future environment of the earth, while they show hope to live in better environment in their mind. Furthermore, it found that the drawing activity can be adopted as a complement for the traditional measuring method of the environmental awareness, through which this middle school students' sensibility to the environment can be shown. It also inferred that the drawing activity can be used as a way of education during school classes for environment and it can increase the sensibility to the environment in mind.