A series of conserved point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) confer resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in most arthropod pests. However, the mutations associated with reduced sensitivity to insecticides usually results in the reduction of catalytic efficiency and leads to a fitness disadvantage. To compensate for the reduced catalytic activity, overexpression of neuronal AChE appears to be necessary, which is achieved by a relatively recent duplication of the AChE gene (ace) as observed in the two-spotted spider mite and other insects. Unlike the cases with overexpression of neuronal AChE, the extensive generation of soluble AChE is observed in some insects either from a distinct non-neuronal ace locus or from a single ace locus via alternative splicing. The production of soluble AChE in the fruit fly is induced by chemical stress. Soluble AChE acts as a potential bioscavenger and provides tolerance to xenobiotics, suggesting its role in chemical adaptation during evolution.

The two-spotted spider (Tetranychus urticae) is one of the most serious pests worldwide and has developed resistance to almost all types of acaricides. Various mutations on acaricide target and detoxification genes and their duplication (including overexpression) have been identified since the completion of T. urticae genome analysis. The mutations are mainly observed in functionally important domains (i.e. transmembrane, cellular loops and catalytic triad, etc.), which likely confer acaricide resistance directly or indirectly. Gene duplication was found on major detoxification and insecticide target enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, ABC-transporter, UDP-glycosyltranferase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Interestingly, co-occurrence of both mutation and gene duplication (especially, single gene amplification) was found in AChE, which possibly explains the compensatory role of gene duplication to minimize the fitness cost mediated by point mutations. Such mutation and duplication traits associated with resistance can be utilized as molecular markers for the determination of resistance levels based on the quantitative sequencing and real-time PCR.

본 연구에서는 지역사회 내 사회복지서비스 전달체계 간 서비스중복에 대한 실천가들의 인식을 통해 서비스중복에 대한 보다 심층적인 의미와 이해를 제공하기 위한 목적으로 탐색하였다. 본 연구는 현상학적 연구 방법을 이용한 질적 연구로서, 연구의 참여자는 경기도 오산시 사회복지 기관(시설)에서 근무하는 실천가 5명으로, 자료수집기간은 2013년 1월부터 2013년 4월까지 이루어졌으며, 자료수집방법은 일대일 심층인터뷰로 이루어졌다. 인터뷰 횟수는 2회~4회이며, 1회 인터뷰 시간은 1시간~1시간 40분이었다. 자료수집과 자료분석은 동시에 이루어졌으며, 자료분석은 Giorgi의 분석방법을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 결과로, 사회복지서비스 전달체계에 근무하는 실천가들은 서비스중복에 관한 인식에 본질적 요소를 구성하는 구성요소 3개와 하위구성요소 14개의 주제로 구조화 되었다.3개의 주제는 조직차원, 지역사회 차원, 국가 차원 3개의 구성요소와 14개의 하위구성요소로 도출되었다. 14개의 하위구성요소를 살펴보면 조직 차원에 4개의 하위구성요소로 ‘종사자 업무과다’, ‘기관장(대표)의 인식 부족’, ‘시설(기관)의 장기적 종합계획의 부재’, ‘대상자를 고유 정보로 인식’으로 도출되었고, 지역사회 차원의 5개의 하위구성요소는 ‘대상자 정보 공유 미비’, ‘네트워크를 위한 공식적 기구 부재’, ‘사회복지 유사서비스 제공기관 증가’, ‘행정기관의 무책임성’, ‘시설 간 네트워크 노력 미비’로 도출되었고, 국가 차원의 5개의 하위구성요소는 ‘관련 법 부족’, ‘평가제도의 문제점’, ‘복잡하고 다양한 복지욕구의 증가’, ‘복지기관(시설)의 투명성 강조’, ‘복지 자원의 한계’로 도출되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 사회복지서비스 전달체계 간 서비스중복에 대한 심층적인 의미와 이해를 하는데 도움을 주고, 향후 지역사회 내 사회복지서비스 전달체계 간의 서비스중복을 개선하는 정책의 나아가야 할 방향에 대한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

The generation and analysis of genomic resources information are essential to understand genomic features of crops. Even though medicinal component and its effect of Panax ginseng was well studied, the genomic study has been recently started. The ginseng genome has been known to undergo two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD), therefore we investigated an evidence of WGD in ginseng draft sequence for understanding current ginseng genome structure. Four paralogous gene-rich genome blocks were found, consisted by eight scaffolds, using about 3.0 Gb whole genome draft sequence and 48,821 unigenes of P. ginseng generated by whole genome shotgun sequencing. The eight scaffold sequences were ordered and connected into four genomic blocks, using zig-zag extension within scaffold sequences recently duplicated. The paralogous scaffold pairs that were recently duplicated showed high sequence conservation in genic and non-genic regions. However, paleo duplicated paralogue scaffold sequences showed little conservation only in genic regions. Finally, a total of 110 paralogous gene pairs and its expression were identified from recently and paleo duplicated scaffold pairs, which were co-linear among four genomic blocks. This study provides the first insight into duplicated genome structure of ginseng and will be a valuable information for further ginseng genomics including improvement of draft sequence quality, chromosome anchoring of scaffolds, and genetic mapping.

Genome duplication is an abundance phenomenon and in plant kingdom and consequently formed paralogous region. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has a possibility of tetraploid by comparing chromosome numbers of relative species. During development of EST-SSR markers in Korean ginseng, most of primer sets have produced multiple bands in gel electrophoresis. In this study, for identifying origin of multiple bands, five EST-SSR markers showing multi-band were selected and two bands around expected size were sequenced. Sequence comparison classified the multiple bands into individual loci. Two bands can be identified by SNP or InDel variation with number of SSR units. Sequencing result represented that paralogous loci with high similarity were existence caused by recent duplication. One clear band were amplified with newly designed locus specific primer picked from SNP variation. SNP and InDel polymorphism between paralgous loci were useful for identifying each locus. This study will provide better understanding of ginseng genome and will be helpful for development of DNA markers.