To address greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, the International Maritime Organization has adopted technical and operational measures, and discussed the possibility of adopting market-based measures. China, Japan and South Korea are major shipbuilding nations in the world, and have differing responses towards the IMO’s regulatory initiatives. This paper conducts a comparative assessment of these three countries’ positions on regulatory principles of the greenhouse gas issue, and concludes that their differentiated perspectives on this matter reflect their different regulatory interests. It is significant to take their differentiated interests into account in the developing regulatory regime to avoid disproportionate burdens being placed on certain countries, in particular developing countries.

The global warming related to GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions from industries is a major issue globally. Furthermore, GHG emissions from the fishery industries also represent an important issue, as indicated by "The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries" at the Cancun, Mexico, meeting in 1992 and by the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Korea pronounced itself to be a voluntary exclusion management country at the 16th IPCC at Cancun, Mexico, in 2010. However, few analyses of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been performed. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the major Korean fisheries is needed before guidelines for reducing GHG emissions from the fishing industry can be established. The aim of this study was to assess the present GHG emissions from the Korean Purse seine fishery using the LCA (life cycle assessment) method. The system boundary and allocation method were defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel consumption factor of the purse seine fishery was also calculated. The GHG emissions for the edible fish were evaluated by determining the weights of whole fish and gutted fish. Finally, the GHG emissions required to produce 1kg of whole fish and 1kg of edible fish were deduced. The results will help determine the GHG emissions from the fishery. They will also be helpful to stakeholders and the government in understanding the circumstances involved in GHG emissions from the fishing industry.

유엔기후변화협약(UNFCC)은 온실가스 배출통계의 중요성을 강조함에 따라 모든 당사국들은 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 산정 보고서를 제출할 의무를 명시하고 있다. 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 분야에는 폐기물 분야도 포함되어 있으며, 특히 메탄배출량의 상당량을 차지하는 폐기물매립지에 대한 온실가스 배출량 산정은 매우 중요시되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국내 폐기물매립지는 아직까지 GPG(Good practice guidance) 2000에 기반하여 온실가스 배출량을 산정하고 있어 2006 IPCC 가이드라인을 기준으로 매립지 온실가스 배출량을 산정하고 있는 미국과 EU 국가 등과 비교하여 배출량 산정의 정확도가 낮은 문제점을 나타내고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 GPG 2000과 2006 IPCC 가이드라인(Tier 1, 2)을 기반으로 국내 폐기물매립지의 온실가스 배출량을 산정 및 비교함으로써 폐기물매립지 온실가스 배출량 산정방법의 문제점 및 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 각 방법별 폐기물매립지의 국가 온실가스 배출량 산정 결과, 2015년 기준으로 2006 IPCC Tier 1의 배출량은 10,885 Gg CO2eq,로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 2006 IPCC Tier 2(9,443 Gg CO2eq,), GPG 2000(7,727Gg CO2eq)순으로 나타났다. GPG 2000과 2006 IPCC 가이드라인 모두 FOD 모델을 기반으로 하고 있기 때문에 연도별 배출량 증감은 비슷하였으나 GPG 2000은 매립폐기물 전부를 하나의 단일 성상으로 가정한 반면 2006 IPCC에서는 폐기물 성상별로 배출계수를 적용하도록 하고 있어 배출량의 차이가 발생하였다. 다만 2006 IPCC에서는 국가 배출계수의 적용을 권고하고 있어 향후 이에 대한 지속적 개발 및 검증이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

In this research, we present a new methodology to indirectly assess the concentration levels of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total nitrogen (T-N) of dewatered cake by evaluating the amounts of the volatile solids (VS) and total solids (TS). Information regarding the BOD and T-N concentrations of dewatered cake could then be used to estimate the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions caused by sewage treatment. To this end, regression equations were derived by considering the relationship between the product of two solid terms: (TS × VS) and BOD/T-N levels of digested sludge. The optimal regression equations for BOD and T-N were computed as y = 152425x (R2= 0.969, p < 0.05) and y = 128378x (R2= 0.970, p < 0.05), respectively. For the purposes of verification, the applicability of the regression equations was tested using the data for other periods not considered in the regression analysis. Accordingly, the differences between the measured and estimated concentration data (derived using the regression equations) were within the standard deviation of the measured concentrations. However, the concentrations estimated by regression equations were quite different from those obtained by conventional methods. Nonetheless, such differences did not significantly change GHG emissions, thus we conclude that the plant specific regression equations can be derived from the methods presented in this study, although more efforts are needed for its validation in various respects.

IPCC Guidelines have been updated after the first official announcement to get more precise estimation of GHG emissions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the implications of the IPCC Guidelines improvements including equations of country-specific parameter values for estimating GHG emissions for rice cultivation on the agricultural sector. In addition, we analyze the effects of emission factors associated with organic amendment applications. The results of this study are as follows; (1) the total GHG emissions of rice cultivation based on 1996 IPCC GL are 28% lower than those estimated by 2006 IPCC GL with the same year data; (2) GHGs can be reduced up to 60% through the assumption of organic fertilizer applications; (3) Jeonnam and Chungnam are the worst regions for GHG emissions on rice cultivation and Chungbuk shows the highest reduction rate of GHG emissions, about 40%.

This study aims to analyze region-specific trends in changing greenhouse gas emissions in incineration plants of local government where waste heat generated during incineration are reused for the recent five years (2009 to 2013). The greenhouse gas generated from the incineration plants is largely CO2 with a small amount of CH4 and N2O. Most of the incineration plants operated by local government produce steam with waste heat generated from incineration to produce electricity or reuse it for hot water/heating and resident convenience. And steam in some industrial complexes is supplied to companies who require it for obtaining resources for local government or incineration plants. All incineration plants, research targets of this study, are using LNG or diesel fuel as auxiliary fuel for incinerating wastes and some of the facilities are using LFG(Landfill Gas). The calculation of greenhouse gas generated during waste incineration was according to the Local Government's Greenhouse Emissions Calculation Guideline. As a result of calculation, the total amount of greenhouse gas released from all incineration plants for five years was about 3,174,000 tCO2eq. To look at it by year, the biggest amount was about 877,000 tCO2eq in 2013. To look at it by region, Gyeonggido showed the biggest amount (about 163,000 tCO2eq annually) and the greenhouse gas emissions per capita was the highest in Ulsan Metropolitan City(about 154 kCO2eq annually). As a result of greenhouse gas emissions calculation, some incineration plants showed more emissions by heat recovery than by incineration, which rather reduced the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For more accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, input data management system needs to be improved.

The relationship between urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions was investigated by statistically analyzing those from 25 administrative districts of Seoul. Urban spatial structures, of which data were obtained from Seoul statistics yearbook, were classified into five categories of city development, residence, environment, traffic and economy. They were further classified into 10 components of local area, population, number of households, residential area, forest area, park area, registered vehicles, road area, number of businesses and total local taxes. GHG-AP integrated emissions were estimated based on IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2006 guidelines, guideline for government greenhouse inventories, EPA AP-42(compilation of air pollutant emission factors) and preliminary studies. The result of statistical analysis indicated that GHG-AP integrated emissions were significantly correlated with urban spatial structures. The correlation analysis results showed that registered vehicles for GHG (r=0.803, p<0.01), forest area for AP (r=0.996, p<0.01), and park area for AP (r=0.889, p<0.01) were highly significant. From the factor analysis, three groups such as city and traffic categories, economy category and environment category were identified to be the governing factors controlling GHG-AP emissions. The multiple regression analysis also represented that the most influencing factors on GHG-AP emissions were categories of traffic and environment. 25 administrative districts of Seoul were clustered into six groups, of which each has similar characteristics of urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions.