2022년 캠벨얼리 재배면적은 4,397ha(32.7%)으로 샤인머스켓에 이어 두 번째로 많이 재배하는 품종이다. 포도 과원에서 보고된 장님노린재에는 애무늬고리장님노린재와 초록장님노린재가 있으며, 포도 신초를 가해해 잎 이 자라면서 구멍이 나고, 포도알을 흡즙해 포도알 표피를 코르크화해 상품성을 떨어뜨린다. 애무늬고리장님노 린재는 약충은 3~4mm, 성충은 4~5mm 정도이며, 몸 색깔은 엷은 녹색을 띄고, 다리(설상부) 끝이 검어 초록장님노 린재와 구분된다. 조사지점에서는 애무늬고리장님노린재만 채집되었으며, 나무당 0~4.8마리가 발견되었다. 4월 하순 상대습도 40% 이상이고, 일평균기온이 13℃ 이상 10일 정도 경과하였을 때 알에서 부화해 신초를 가해 하기 시작했다. 5월 하순부터 성충이 되며, 포도원 살충제 살포로 인해 개체수가 감소하였다가 7월 초경에 초목성 식물에서 포도원으로 들어와 새로 나오는 포도 부초를 가해하였다. 방제시기에 따라 상품과일 무게가 차이가 났는데 잎전개기, 꽃송이분리기, 착과기 3회 방제시 수량감소율이 1%인데 비해 잎전개기에만 방제시 3.5%, 꽃송 이분리기에만 방제시 7.9%, 무처리구에서는 15.6%로 방제 시기에 따라 상품과일 감소량이 차이나는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The mean global surface temperatures have increased since the late 19th century by approximately 0.3-0.6 o C (IPCC, 2007). The linear warming trend over the last 50 years is nearly double that of the last 100 years. The impact of climate warming on insects was studied using the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula as a model insect. This bug is known as a cosmopolitan agricultural pest that damages diverse crop plants worldwide. Effects of climate warming on insects include distribution, abundance, phenology, voltinism, physiology, behaviour, and community structure. It should be noted here that climate warming affects insects not only directly but also indirectly through interaction of species in ecosystem. 1. Northward range expansion of N. viridula in Japan. Past and current limits of the distribution range of N. viridula were compared (Tougou et al., 2009). It was found that the climate warming promoted northward range expansion of N. viridula by providing favourable overwintering conditions close to the specie’s range limit. The past and the current limits of the distribution range of N. viridula in central Japan were investigated. In the early 1960s, the northern limit of the species’ range was in Wakayama Prefecture and was limited by a +5 o C isothermal line for the mean January temperature. Forty five years later (2006–2007), a new survey in Wakayama and five neighbouring prefectures demonstrated that this northern limit shifted northward by 85km, at a rate of 19.0km/decade. The shift northward was likely promoted by milder winter conditions. The mean January–February temperature in the region was 1.03–1.91ºC higher in 1998–2007 than in 1960–1969. In the 1960s, the mean January temperature exceeded +5 ºC only in Wakayama city, but by now it has surpassed +5 ºC in Osaka and Tsu cities, located further north (52 and 59 km respectively), which corresponds to the current distribution of N. viridula. The number of cold days (with mean temperature below +5ºC) also significantly decreased, while the annual lowest temperature significantly increased. N. viridula was found mostly at or close to those locations where (1) the mean January temperature exceeded +5ºC, (2) the mean number of cold days did not exceed 26 during January–February, and (3) where the mean annual lowest temperature did not drop below –3.0 ºC. The general linear model shows that the mean January temperature and number of cold days are the most important factors controlling the northern limit of distribution of N. viridula. All the climatic data suggest that over the last 45 years environmental conditions have become more favourable for overwintering of N.viridula at many locations in central Japan. This has likely promoted the northward spread of the species, representing the direct response of the species to climate warming. A sympatrically distributed congeneric N. antennata is responding to the warming by retreat from the ocean coast towards cooler elevated habitats, which might be a complex response to elevated temperature and interspecific mating with N. viridula. This range expansion of N. viridula is now accelerating the extinction of N. antennata by the infertile interspecific copulation. 2. Ecophysiological responses of N. viridula to simulated warming. The effect of simulated climate change on N. viridula was studied close to the species’ northern range limit in Japan (Musolin et al., 2010). Insects from the same egg masses were reared for 15 months in 10 consecutive series under quasi-natural (i.e. outdoor) conditions and in a transparent incubator, in which climate warming was simulated by adding 2.5ºC to the outdoor temperature. The warming strongly affected all life-history and phenological parameters. In the spring, the simulated warming advanced the timing of body colour changes and post-diapause reproduction. In the early summer, it increased egg production and accelerated nymphal development. In the late summer (the hottest season), the effect of the simulated warming was strongly deleterious: nymphs developed slowly, suffered higher mortality and had difficulties during final moulting; the emerged females were smaller, some exhibited abnormal cuticle, produced fewer eggs and had a decreased life span. Our current studies are going to clarify that such an adverse effect of high temperature is caused by the decrease in bacterial symbiont which is harboured in the midgut of stink bugs. As in many phytophagous heteropteran species, N. viridula possesses a number of sac-like outgrowths, called crypts, in a posterior section of the midgut, wherein a specific bacterial symbiont is harbored. In previous studies on N. viridula from Hawaiian populations, experimental elimination of the symbiont caused little fitness defects in the host insect (Prado, et.al., 2006, Prado et al., 2009). N. viridula from Japanese populations consistently harbor the same gammaproteobacterial gut symbiont. However, in this case, contrary to the previous works, experimental sterilization of the symbiont resulted in severe nymphal mortality, indicating an obligate host-symbiont relationship (Tada et al., 2011). Considering the worldwide host-symbiont association and those experimental data, N. viridula is considered to be generally and obligatorily associated with the gut symbiont, while the symbiont effect on the host performance may be different among geographic populations. In the autumn, the warming accelerated nymphal development, resulted in larger female size, affected the timing of the diapause-associated adult body colour change from green to russet and enhanced preparation for overwintering. Larger females had higher winter survival rate than smaller females. The warming strongly increased survival rate in both size classes and allowed smaller females to reach the same winter survival rate as larger females had under the quasi-natural conditions. The winter survival also differed between the green and dark-coloured females under the quasi-natural, but not under the warming conditions. However, under the warming conditions, green females survived the winter even better than dark-coloured females did under the quasi-natural conditions. Moreover, the warming shortened the life span of females from the summer generations and prolonged it in those from the autumn generation. It is concluded that even a moderate temperature increase (+2.5 ºC) in the future is likely to have a complex influence upon insects, strongly affecting many of their life-history and phenological parameters.

The ㎝bryonic and postembryonic developments of Nezara antennata Scott were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, ø 10 ㎝ × 4 ㎝), B (Cylindrical, ø 14.5 ㎝ × 2.8 ㎝), C (Rectangle, 6.5 L × 6.5 ㎝W × 10 ㎝H), D (Cylindrical, ø 9 ㎝ in bottom & ø 11.5 ㎝ in upper × 10.8 ㎝) and E (Cylindrical, ø 15 ㎝ × 7.5 ㎝) containing soybean and peanut seeds as food, and sponge soaked with water under laboratory condition of 24℃ and 15L : 9D. Hatchability ranged from 93 to 97%. Nymphal duration was shortest of 6 days in the 1st instar and longest of 10 days in the 5th instar. The nymphal duration was 38 to 39 days observed in the rearing cages. Emergence rate was in the range from 53 to 62% with highest in A and B cages. Adult longevity was 65 to 75 days for male, and 67 to 74 days for female, and was longest in the B cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in the range from 51 to 56 without significant difference in the rearing cages, and was the most in the B cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of N. antennata for 1 generation was within 25 to 33 times, and was highest in the B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of N. antennata under laboratory condition.

온도 및 먹이가 등검은황록장님노린재의 약충발육과 성충수명 및 약충과 성충의 먹이의 종별 난 포식량에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 약충의 발육기간은 24, 28 및 32에서 각각 13.2-13.7일, 10.4-10.9일 및 9.0-9.3일이었다. 약충의 난 포식량은 24, 28 및 32에서 각각 10.6-14.3개, 7.5-9.2개 및 5.8-7.5개로 끝동매미충, 흰등멸구, 애멸구 및 벼멸구의 난 순으로 많았다. 약충의 탈피 횟수는 4회가 55-75%로 3회의 25-45%보다 높았으며, 온도 및 먹이에 따른 큰 차이는 없었다. 우화율은 24, 28 및 32에서 각각 52-70%, 48-66% 및 22-38%로 먹이에 따른 차이와 함께 온도가 높아질수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 성충수명은 1종 먹이만 제공한 경우 24, 28 및 32에서 각각 19.75-22.45일, 15.55-16.95일 및 10.25-11.65일 이었으나, 4종 먹이를 함께 제공한 경우 성충수명은 1종 먹이만 제공한 것보다 약간 긴 경향이었다. 성충의 포식량을 1종 먹이만 제공한 경우 24, 28 및 32에서 각각 35.7-54.2개, 31.6-44.55개 및 18.1-28.15개로 온도조건에 관계없이 끝동매미충, 흰등멸구, 애멸구 및 벼멸구의 난 순으로 많았다. 하지만 4종 먹이를 함께 제공한 성충의 포식량은 24, 28 및 32에서 각각 3.95-28.9개, 2.9-28.95개 및 1.7-13.6개로 제공된 먹이간에 차이가 현저하였다. 따라서 먹이간 성충 포식량의 현저한 차이는 기주선호성에 따른 것으로 생각된다

온도조건에 따른 등검은황록장님노린재의 발육과 벼멸구 및 애멸구의 알에 대한 성충의 포식량을 조사하였다. 등검은황록장님노린재의 난부화율은 , , 및 에서 각각 약 96%, 88%, 및 로 온도가 높아질수록 낮아졌다. 난기간은 , , 및 에서 각각 약 11.0일 10.0일 6.7일 및 5.6일로 온도가 높아질수록 짧아졌다. 약충기간은 , , 및 에서 각각 약 13.7일 12.7일, 10.2일 및 9.1일로 온도가 높아질수록 약충기간이 짧았으며, 영기별 발육기간은 4령충에서 가장 짧았고, 1령충에서 가장 길었으나, 식이곤충에 따른 차이는 없었다. 성충수명은 , , 및 에서 각각 약 22-23.5일, 19-20일, 16-17일 및 11-12일로 온도가 높아질수록 크게 짧았으나, 식이곤충 및 성별에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다. 벼멸구 및 애멸구 알에 대한 암컷과 수컷성충의 포식량은 , , 및 에서 각각 약 56-61개 및 26-57개, 56-60개 및 47-49개, 43-46개 및 40-42개 그리고 28-30개 및 26-27개로 온도가 높아질수록 포식량이 적었으며, 성별간에는 대체로 수컷보다 암컷에서, 식이곤충간에는 애멸구보다 벼멸구의 알을 약간 많이 포식하는 경향이었다. 그리고 마리당 일간 포식량은 2.0-3.0개 였다.

멸구류 포식성 천적인 등검은황록장님노린재의 온도에 따른 벼멸구 알 공격능력과 기능반응의 변화를 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 등 6개 온도에서 검정하였다. 등검은 황록장님노린재는 산란된지 1일에서 4일된 이런시기의 벼멸구 알을 선호하였으며, 이중 3일된 벼멸구 알을 가장 선호하였다. 등검은황록장님노린재의 벼멸구 알에 대한 포식능력은 Holling의 제2형 기능반응의 Rogers(1972) 진정포식자 모형에 잘 부합되었다. 기능반응의 포식자 탐색율(a)은 까지는 온도가 높아짐에 따라 증가하는 경향이었으나 에서는 급격히 감소하였다. 그러나 처리시간(Th)은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 완만히 감소되었다. 등검은황록장님노린재의 벼멸구 알에 대한 온도별, 밀도별 공격위치의 선호성은 일반적으로 저밀도에서는 큰 차이가 없었으나 고밀도에서는 위쪽에 산란된 알을 더 선호하는 경향이었으며 특히 온도가 높아짐에따라 이러한 경향이 더욱 뚜렷이 나타났다.