L-ascorbic acid (L-AA; vitamin C) induces apoptosis in cancer cells. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of L-AA-induced apoptosis in human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma Hep-2 cells. L-AA suppressed the viability of Hep-2 cells and induced apoptosis, as shown by the cleavage and condensation of nuclear chromatin and increased number of Annexin V-positive cells. L-AA decreased Bcl-2 protein expression but upregulated Bax protein levels. In addition, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3 were enhanced by L-AA treatment. Furthermore, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG) were translocated into the nucleus during apoptosis of L-AA-treated Hep-2 cells. L-AA effectively inhibited the constitutive nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and attenuated the nuclear expression of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. Interestingly, L-AA treatment of Hep-2 cells markedly activated Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK]) and and LY294002 (Akt inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) or SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) decreased the levels of Annexin V-positive cells. These results suggested that L-AA induces the apoptosis of Hep-2 cells via the nuclear translocation of AIF and EndoG by modulating the Bcl- 2 family and MAPK/Akt signaling pathways.

이 논문의 목적은 현대 영미 시인에게서는 찾아보기 어려운 ‘윤리적 시각’을 히니가 추구하고 있음을 그의 시 전체를 읽어서 증명하는 것이다. 여기서 언급한 ‘윤리적 시각’의 의미는 자신의 부모, 국토 그리고 공동체의 문화라는 그 뿌리와 ‘타자’ 나아가 영혼에 대한 사랑과 책임감인 것이다. 한편 히니의 시적 발전 단계는 겔트, 게일릭 전통을 추구하는 초기 시, 아일랜드와 영국 미국, 유럽적 가치가 공존하는 글로컬리즘을 추구하는 중기 시, 그리고 아일랜드의 정신적 뿌리인 ‘이시누쿠’를 추구하는 후기 시의 세 단계로 구분된다. 그런데 각 시적 발전 단계에다 다음과 같은 이유로 ‘윤리적’이란 말을 적용시킬 수 있다, 초기 시에는 그가 성장한 배경인 민속 문화와 고난의 역사 속에서 생존한 선조와 부모에 대한 작가의 연민과 책임 정신이 표현되었고, 중기 시에는 자신과 자신이 속한 공동체를 객관적으로 비판하고 그 공동체를 대변하지 못 했음에 죄의식을 느끼면서 다른 한편으로는 ‘차이’를 수용하려는 균형 잡힌 정신이 반영되고 있기 때문이다. 그리고 후기 시에서는 화해와 심미 정신을 바탕으로 한 숨겨진 아일랜드의 정신을 추구하기 때문이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of human capital supply chain on the firm performance mediated by innovation culture and innovation process on small- and medium-sized construction enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. A survey has been distributed to all construction SMEs that have direct involvement in construction work (contractors and subcontractors). The construction SMEs including medium- and small-scale construction services in three Provinces, namely, the special region of Yogyakarta, East Java, and Central Java. Through purposive sampling technique, primary data is collected by giving a questionnaire to the owner/manager of construction SMEs. The target sample in this study was 200 respondents who have been operating for a minimum of two years. 154 valid questionnaires could be processed. Data analysis uses structural equation modeling with AMOS 24. The results of the study conclude that there is a positive effect on human capital supply chain on firm performance mediated by innovation culture and innovation process, while innovation culture does not affect firm performance. In sum, the innovation culture mediates the relationship between human capital supply chain and firm performance, and the innovation process mediates the relationship between human capital supply chain and firm performance.