경상분지 신동층군의 백악기 진주층 일부 사암에서 산출되는 흑색의 불투명 탄화수소인 고열역청(pyrobitumen) 의 산상을 처음으로 보고한다. 고열역청은 녹니석 공극벽 선충진(pore-lining) 교결물을 피복하거나 교결물 끝부분에 스 며들어간 상태로 산출되므로, 녹니석 교결물 침전 이후에 생성된 것이며, 이는 과거 원유가 존재했음을 지시한다. 액상 의 탄화수소는 진주층이 상당한 깊이로 매몰되는 동안 유입되었으며, 진주층 사암은 저류암의 역할을 했던 것으로 보인 다. 진주층에 고열역청이 존재하는 것은 진주층이 액상 탄화수소의 이동 이후 심부 매몰과정을 겪었음을 지시한다. 그 후 매몰 온도가 더 증가하면서 탄화수소의 열분해가 일어나고 고열역청이 저류암에 잔류물로 남게 되었다.

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma(TAEOS) is a rare subtype of osteosarcoma(OS) composed of blood-filled or empty cystic architecture simulating aneurysmal bone cyst. TAEOSs account for 2-12% of all OSs. TAEOSs mostly develop around knee and proximal humerus, but TAEOSs of the jaws are rare. To the best of my knowledge, this is the fourth case of primary TAEOS affecting the jaws. A 36-year-old female who had been previously diagnosed osteosarcoma by biopsy reported with a chief complaint of throbbing and swelling of the right mandible. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hemi-mandibulectomy. After surgery, patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient is free of disease for 6 months after surgery. TAEOSs are mimicking other benign entities, such as aneurysmal bone cyst and central giant cell granuloma. Thus, careful diagnosis through thorough radiographic and histopathologic evaluation is important to establish a treatment plan, prognosis, prediction and management strategy.

It is well documented that giant cells can be observed in some types of odontogenic tumors such as central odontogenic tumor and dentinogenic ghost cell tumor. However, the presence of stromal giant cells has only rarely been reported in ameloblastoma, although being the most common epithelial odontogenic tumor. In this study, we present a novel case of peripheral ameloblastoma associated with peripheral giant cell granuloma arising in the mandibular alveolar mucosa of a 65-year-old male patient. The possible pathogenesis of this combined lesion will be discussed, in addition to the review of previous reports of ameloblastoma accompanied by stromal giant cells.

로스해의 Iselin Bank 인근에서 채취한 RS15-GC41코어로부터 규조를 분석한 결과 총 24속 35종의 규조를 감정하였으며, 규조 개체수 농도는 0.2-28.6×10 6 /g 범위에 해당하였다. 규조 군집 조성에 의해 4개의 규조 군집대를 설정 하였으며 규조 군집의 변화는 거의 10만년을 주기로 변화 하였다. Marine Isotope Stages 1-11 시기에 RS15-GC41이 퇴적되는 동안 간빙기(Interglacial)에는 open ocean을 지시하는 Rhizosolenia styliformis, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis와 Thalassionema nitzschioides등이 풍부하게 산출되며, 빙기(Glacial)에는 sea-ice종인 Actinocyclus actinocyclus의 산출이 풍부하게 나타난다. MIS 7, 9와 11의 간빙기 동안 MIS 1, 3과 5 시기보다 sea-ice의 분포가 더 넓고 지속 기간이 더 오래 계속되었음을 알 수 있다. Paralia sulcata는 이 시기(MIS 7, 9와 11) 동안 해류에 의한 ice-rafted debris의 유입과 함께 연안지역으로부터 재이동 되었음을 뒷받침 해준다.

Sarcomatous transformation of fibrous dysplasia (FD) is rare and can occur in patients with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). To date, there have been several cases of malignant transformation of FD in the craniofacial area of patients with MAS. Here, we report an additional case of secondary osteosarcoma arising from FD in the mandible of a 41-year-old woman with MAS. The patient complained of rapid swelling in the right facial area, which was initially misdiagnosed as soft tissue sarcoma at another hospital. After neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy resulting in poor response, the lesion was surgically resected in our hospital, and the final diagnosis of secondary osteosarcoma was rendered. Currently, post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy is in progress. As a result of our review of 17 reported cases showing malignant transformation in FD/MAS, the M/F ratio was 1:1.1, and the median age at onset of malignancy was 28.6 years. The most commonly affected site was the craniofacial bones (n=13; 76%), and the most common histopathologic type of malignancy was osteosarcoma (n=14; 82%). More than half of the patients (8/15; 53.3%) died within 1 year, mainly due to lung metastasis (6/8; 75%). Taken together, since MAS patients with malignant transformation of FD have a relatively poor prognosis, accurate diagnosis based on histopathologic findings as well as clinical and radiographic information is important to select optimal treatment.

One of the most demanded competencies of an oral health professional such as an oral pathologist is the ability to make clinical decisions. The purpose of this study was to examine the neurological differences between beginners and experts in the clinical decision-making process which consisting of complex, dynamic and sophisticated cognitive processes, and to identify the characteristics of experts based on the brain by comparing EEG activity. This study conducted experimental design with 10 dentists with more than 10 years of clinical experience and 10 students with short clinical experience as beginners as a fourth year student before graduation. The hypothesis-oriented algorithm proposed in HOAC II was used. As a standard, the clinical decision-making stage of the dentist was divided into three stages, and an event was developed and an experiment was designed for measuring EEG for each stage. The cerebral activity distribution patterns of the two groups were measured with EEG, compared and analyzed with pre-processing process using EEGlab. As a result, the difference in the auditory information was not noticeable between the novice and the expert, but the difference between the group of the novice and the expert appeared in the visual data and the radiographic data. In the case of beginners, the activity was higher in the left hemisphere, and in the case of experts, both brains were activated. The results of this study are intended to present objective information based on brain-based analysis of differences that appear in the clinical decision-making process of experts and beginners. It can be used as basic research data to present the brain-based characteristic analysis of dentist experts.

It is well known that lymph node metastasis is a major prognostic factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 30-40% of patients with OSCC have already undergone regional metastasis at diagnosis. The survival rate of patients with metastasis is reduced by more than 50%. Therefore, prevention and early detection of metastasis are very important to increase the survival rate of patients. Many investigators have studied the molecular mechanism of metastasis and tried to develop the molecules to inhibit any step of metastatic cascade. Among those molecules, an interest in the metastasis suppressor gene has been increasing. Expression of metastasis suppressor KiSS-1 has shown to be significantly related to poor clinical outcome and worse survival rate of patient in various malignancies of different organs. In addition, our previous study in OSCC also revealed that downregulation of KiSS-1 expression correlated with the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis, one part of tumor progression. Therefore, further investigation was needed to identify the molecular function of KiSS-1 using OSCC cell line and to evaluate the possibility of KiSS-1 as a new therapeutic target.

The role of CXCR7, a seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled chemokine receptor, which binds with high affinity to chemokine CXCL11 and CXCL12 in oral cancer cells and the effect of transient CXCR7-downregulation on proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells have not been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of CXCR7 on an OSCC cell line. In this study, we down-regulated CXCR7 in the KOSCC25B OSCC cell line by siRNA. In vitro cell proliferation and migration assays were used to investigate the effect of CXCR7- downregulation on cell proliferation and migration in si.KOSCC25B cells. The CXCR7 down-regulated OSCC cells grew significantly slower than the negative control siRNA transfected KOSCC25B cells (p<0.05). Additionally, migration of si.KOSCC25B cells decreased significantly compared with non-transfected KOSCC25B cells (p<0.007). These results suggest that down-regulation of CXCR7 induces anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects in OSCC, and that CXCR7 may be a useful target molecule for the treatment of OSCC.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is one of the first recognized in HIV infection even patient can develop KS in any disease stage. Moreover, the oral cavity may be the first site of Kaposi’s sarcoma and oral mucosa involvements of KS in HIV positive are very critical because it had a higher death rate than those who having exclusively cutaneous manifestations of the disease. Early detection of KS oral involvement is very important to prevent disease burden. This case is about a 48 years old male who was first discovered Oral Kaposi’s Sarcoma as HIV infection sign. He didn’t notice any other discomfort other than oral mucosa swelling.

Forecasting of box office performance after a film release is very important, from the viewpoint of increase profitability by reducing the production cost and the marketing cost. Analysis of psychological factors such as word-of-mouth and expert assessment is essential, but hard to perform due to the difficulties of data collection. Information technology such as web crawling and text mining can help to overcome this situation. For effective text mining, categorization of objects is required. In this perspective, the objective of this study is to provide a framework for classifying films according to their characteristics. Data including psychological factors are collected from Web sites using the web crawling. A clustering analysis is conducted to classify films and a series of one-way ANOVA analysis are conducted to statistically verify the differences of characteristics among groups. The result of the cluster analysis based on the review and revenues shows that the films can be categorized into four distinct groups and the differences of characteristics are statistically significant. The first group is high sales of the box office and the number of clicks on reviews is higher than other groups. The characteristic of the second group is similar with the 1st group, while the length of review is longer and the box office sales are not good. The third group's audiences prefer to documentaries and animations and the number of comments and interests are significantly lower than other groups. The last group prefer to criminal, thriller and suspense genre. Correspondence analysis is also conducted to match the groups and intrinsic characteristics of films such as genre, movie rating and nation.

The aim of this study was to present the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of 20 new Korean GOC cases with a brief literature review. The mean age of 20 GOC patients was 43.5 years (range, 29-73 years) with a strong predilection for male (male-to-female ratio, 4:1). Nine cases were located in the maxilla and 11 cases in the mandible. Eight cases involved the anterior areas of the jaws and 12 cases were located in the posterior area. Most of the cases (16/20, 80.0%) showed a well-defined unilocular radiolucency and some showed cortical perforation (55.6%) and bony expansion (72.2%) in computed tomography. The most common histopathological feature was eosinophilic cuboidal cells (100%), followed by clear cells (95.0%), mucous cells (85.0%), variations in thickness (85.0%), and intraepithelial microcysts (80.0%). All cases were surgically treated by enucleation and no recurrences were found in routine follow-up.

Human DEK gene on chromosome 6p encodes a 43kD nuclear phospoprotein that was originally identified as part of a fusion protein found in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia carrying a t(6;9) translocation. Although DEK upregulation has been described in a number of human malignancies and was significantly associated with high histologic grade, lymph node metastasis and/or advanced clinical stage, no previous report has evaluated the expression of DEK protein and its clinical significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our aims were to determine DEK expression in tissue samples of normal oral mucosa and OSCC by immunohistochemistry, to analyze the correlation between DEK expression and clinicopathological parameters, and to evaluate the value of DEK as a prognostic marker for patient’s survival. Ten normal oral mucosa, 10 epithelial dysplasia, and 60 OSCC samples were studied by immunohistochemistry. DEK expression tended to increase through the full thickness of epithelium in the dysplastic mucosa when compared with those in normal oral mucosa. High expression of DEK protein (score ≥ 2) was found in 68.3% of OSCC cases. Statistical analysis revealed that DEK overexpression in OSCC was positively correlated with high histologic grade (p=0.001), lymph node metastasis (p=0.003), and advanced clinical stage (p=0.039). In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, DEK overexpression was significantly associated with decreased overall survival in patients with OSCC (p=0.019). Our results suggest that DEK overexpression may be a reliable marker to predict the clinical outcome in OSCC.

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the salivary glands. About 90% of these tumors occur in the parotid gland and 10% of them occur in the minor salivary glands. The most common sites for pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary glands are the palate, followed by the lips and the cheeks. Pleomorphic adenoma of the palate presents clinically as a painless, slow-growing mass found on posterior lateral aspect. In this case report, we report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the palate in a 36-year old male patient whose initial diagnosis was vascular mass such as hemangioma or lymphangiohemangioma by preoperative CT and MRI.

Fibromatoses are benign fibroblastic proliferation, which forms infiltrating tumor-like mass. Their histologic features cannot reflect the biologic behavior; local recurrence and aggressive infiltration to the adjacent tissue make fibromatoses intermediate tumor, between benign and malignant. Infantile fibromatosis consists of desmoid-type tumor and lipofibromatosis, and mainly affects children under age of 10. While desmoid-type tumor is characterized by elongated mature fibroblastic proliferation, the fibroblasts in lipofibromatosis look more primitive and accompany adipocytes. Here, we report a case of infantile fibromatosis of 4 month old boy involving the tongue.

Hippo signaling is one of the signal transduction pathways revealed in Drosophila and mammalian. This signaling is known to control proliferation and growth of normal cells or cancer cells, in which many signaling proteins form a network. In this network, tumor suppressor kinases include MST and LATS while YAP and TAZ exist as oncoproteins. Combined with transcription factor, YAP the oncoprotien starts to secrete growth factors such as CTGF, FGF, and Cry61 regulating the growth of cells or the organ sizes. The YAP is also associated with the development of early embryo and the regeneration of the skin wound as well as abnormal growth of cancers in case of over-expression. Although many previous studies have found various tumors with YAP over-expressed, the expression of YAP is not yet clearly identified in oral cancer. The aim of this study was to check the expression level of YAP in oral squamous cell carcinoma. So we performed PCR and Western blot to check YAP expression in mRNA and protein level respectively. In result, all of the 13 cell lines examined has presented the expression of YAP, and especially in HSC2 and KOSCC11 cell lines has been observed the remarkable level of expression. In conclusion, we confirmed the overexpression of YAP cell line in oral squamous cell carcinoma, it will be a great help to the study carried out in the future. Once you understand the mechanism of oncoprotien YAP in oral cancer cells, it seems possible to research and development of targeted tumor therapy agents in oral cancer.

우리나라 동해안 중부의 축산항 지역에서 2007년 7월부터 2009년 5월까지 계절별로 조간대와 조하대 해조류의 종조성과 군집구조를 조사하였다. 2년에 걸친 조사를 통해 밝혀진 해조류는 총 98종(녹조류 13종, 갈조류 23종, 홍조류 62종)이었고, 조사시기별로는 33~63종의 범위로 나타났다. 이 가운데 녹조류 2종(구멍갈파래, 떡청각), 갈조류 3종(참그물바탕말, 톳, 왜모자반), 그리고 홍조류 11종(작은구슬산호말, 혹돌잎, 참도박, 참지누아리, 붉은까막살, 진분홍딱지, 진두발, 잔금분홍잎, 개서실, 모로우붉은실, 참보라색우무)의 16종은 모든 조사시기에 관찰되었다. 해조류의 단위면적당 생물량은 평균 629.68 g dry wt m-2이었으며, 계절별로 119.30~1,660.96 g dry wt m-2의 범위를 보였다. 조사지역 해조군집의 수직분포는 조간대에서 작은구슬산호말과 모자반류, 조하대 1 m에서 모자반류, 5 m에서 모자반류와 무절산호조류 그리고 10 m에서 무절산호조류로 대표되었다.

As the designated name, adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specific (ANOS) revealed lack of histomorphologic characteristics that could classify the tumors under specific name. ANOS had nothing in common with other salivary gland malignancies, but glandular differentiation. The purpose of this study is to find out the solid characteristics of ANOS on the base of cytological and architectural features. 20 ANOS cases were studied. We identified 20 patients with salivary adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified, ranging in age from 26 to 76 years (median, 53.85 years), with slight female predilection (female 11: male 9). The minor salivary gland was the most common site of tumor origin, especially on the palatal area (11 out of 20). The size of tumor was from 1.0 to 7.0(median 3.07). For the histopathological analysis, we classified the tumors by cytological and architecture patterns. Basaloid and epitheloid cytological patterns were showed with solid, microcystic/pseudocystic architecture. We found invasive growth patterns in 7 out of 20 cases. Reviewing and classifying the common features of ANOS could be helpful to make a diagnosis of malignant salivary gland tumors.

Many researchers have been reported recent trends for rising incidence particularly related to cancer of the tongue in young people. The purpose of this study is to exam the changes of OSCC(oral squamous cell carcinoma) incidence distribution. After Institutional Review Board approval, 1,345cases of OSCC were reviewed from 1993 to 2012 at the department of Oral Pathology at the University of Seoul National Dental Hospital with respect to gender, age, locations. As the results, the most prevalence ages were between 45-69 years old(mean:59.68). There is a noticeable incidence on the eighth decade of life. There are no changes of incidence distribution on se (male:female=69:31) at each year. The most common incidence area was tongue at 1993 but the mandible was the most popular site after 2001. Comparing the incidence rates of the predilection sites over and under 44 years old patients, among patients under 44 years old showed the tongue is the common site steadily. On the other hand, there is a significant increase on the mandible in the over 44 years old patients. In conclusion, this study showed similar results on overall sex distribution and median ages. The trends of locations over 20 years have been increased on the old adult’s mandible. Also, tongue is the common site for the young adults constantly. There are needs for further studies to elucidate the behind etiology. In addition, the true impact of young age on OSCC clinical behavior will remain difficult to determine unless intranational and multi-institutional databases will be combined.

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, the copper dependent amine oxidase, oxidizes lysine residues in extracellular collagen and elastin. LOX increases the strength of the extracellular matrix and plays an important role in tumor development and metastasis. It has been reported that increased LOX protein and RNA are found in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover some studies regarded LOX as a prognostic marker of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However there has not been any report on LOX expression of salivary gland tumors. Here, we investigated LOX expression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland and compare it to those of pleomorphic adenoma (PA). We evaluated LOX expression in eighteen MEC, eighteen ACC and twenty PA cases by immunohistochemical examination. Whereas PA showed relatively low density of LOX expression, ACC revealed more cases that showing high staining intensities for LOX. Significantly increased LOX expression was found in the cases of ACC when compared to those of PA (P = 0.010).