PURPOSES : Driving simulations are widely used for safety assessment because they can minimize the time and cost associated with collecting driving behavior data compared to real-world road environments. Simulator-based driving behavior data do not necessarily represent the actual driving behavior data. An evaluation must be performed to determine whether driving simulations accurately reflect road safety conditions. The main objective of this study was to establish a methodology for assessing whether simulation-based driving behavior data represent real-world safety characteristics. METHODS : A 500-m spatial window size and a 100-m moving size were used to aggregate and match the driving behavior indicators and crash data. A correlation analysis was performed to identify statistically significant indicators among the various evaluation metrics correlated with crash frequency on the road. A set of driving behavior evaluation indicators highly correlated with crash frequency was used as inputs for the negative binomial and decision tree models. Negative binomial model results revealed the indicators used to estimate the number of predicted crashes. The decision-tree model results prioritized the driving behavior indicators used to classify high-risk road segments. RESULTS : The indicators derived from the negative binomial model analysis were the standard deviation of the peak-to-peak jerk and the time-varying volatility of the yaw rate. Their importance was ranked first and fifth, respectively, using the proposed decision tree model. Each indicator has a significant importance among all indicators, suggesting that certain indicators can accurately reflect actual road safety. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed indicators are expected to enhance the reliability of driving-simulator-based road safety evaluations.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the road design elements affecting the lateral driving safety under high-speed driving conditions with a speed limit of 140 km/h and to derive useful implications to design of safer roads. METHODS : A full-scale driving simulator was used to evaluate the various design scenarios. Different regression techniques and a random forest method were adopted to conduct comprehensive comparisons among the simulation scenarios. The relationships between the safety indicators, including the frequency of the lane departures and the standard deviation of the lateral acceleration, and the design elements were explored in terms of lateral driving safety. RESULTS : The length of the combined alignment was found to be a significant factor affecting the lateral driving safety based on the analysis of the frequency of lane departures. Regarding the standard deviation of the lateral acceleration, it was identified that the length of the horizontal curve, the length of the bridge, and the right-side superelevation must be considered significant factors associated with driving safety while designing the road under high-speed driving conditions. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the findings of this study, a set of recommendations for designing roads was proposed. For example, the proper length of the combined alignment and the horizontal curve should be determined to prevent crashes due to hazardous lateral driving events because the installation of sufficient superelevation in the bridge section would be limited under high-speed driving conditions. In addition, applying a larger horizontal curve radius with longitudinal grooving is a promising approach to tackle risky driving conditions.

All games support the meaningful play, and each mechanism producing meaning is various. In mobile role-playing game, automation of in-game action standardizes movements of avatars and diversify combat challenges. Thereby players reinforce their avatars and make various repertoires so as to cope with different contents. Players predict the result of their own actions based on short-term, juicy feedbacks. In conclusion, mobile role-playing game has 'strategy' as its action mode while the unit time required for meaningful play is highly reduced. This analysis is significant in the sense that it was the first step toward integrated change of game play experiences.

This purpose of this study was to develop a functional muffin by adding yam powder in the shape of a muffin as a partial surrogate for wheat flour. The yam has been found to be effective for liver and kidney function, as well as the digestion of protein, since it produces glucuronic acid in the body. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions of yam muffins by adjusting the amounts yam powder, butter, and sugar. The mixing conditions for the yam muffins included 3 categories: yam powder (X1), sugar (X2), and butter (X3) by Central Composite Design (CCD) which was optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of the three variable additions on muffin quality were examined via physical and chemical experiments, such as the analysis of texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess), coloration (lightness, redness, yellowness), and height. Lastly, we performed a sensory test, which revealed significant findings for gumminess, color, appearance, flavor, softness (p〈0.05), redness, and overall quality (p〈0.01). Consequently, the optimal mixing rate which best satisfied the sensory items were 34.35g of yam powder, 80.15 g of sugar, and 80.55 g of butter.

대두(Glycine max)는 식물성 단백질이 풍부한 식품 중 하나로, 생리활성물질을 다량 함유하고 있어 심혈관질환, 비만 등에 효능이 있을 뿐 아니라 피부 개선 효과도 있는 것으로 보고되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 대두 단백질을 유산균인 Lactobaillus Rhamnosus 균주에 의해 발효한 대두발효물의 광노화 예방 효과를 조사하기 위해 자외선으로부터 기인한 세포독성에 대한 보호 효과 및 콜라겐 생성, 티로시나아제 활성, 멜라닌 색소 생성에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 결과로서 대두발효물 처리군은 피부섬유아세포에서 자외선으로 유도된 세포독성을 억제하여 보호 효과를 나타내었으며, 세포 내 콜라겐 합성을 증가시켜 주름 개선의 가능성을 확인하였다. 또 다른 실험에서 티로시나아제 활성 및 멜라닌 색소 생성을 억제하여 피부 개선 효과를 나타내었 다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 대두발효물이 자외선으로부터 유도되는 주름, 색소 침착 등의 피부 손상을 예방하는 새로운 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 가지는 것으로 평가된다.