The present study sought to examine the meanings and the discourse functions of the auxiliary particle ‘man’ in Korean texts and discourses in order to apply to Korean language education. To this end, 3,994 examples extracted from Korean written and spoken corpus were examined. The results suggest that the particle ‘man’ has three meanings: (a) limits of objects, events and situation, (b) limits of scope, and (c) emphasis of degree. The particle ‘man’ has the implication of negation of all excluding the preceded words. Furthermore, the distributions of the particle ‘man’ are changeable according to its meanings and contexts. The grammatical items related the particle ‘man’ are ‘man+un (만은), man+i (만이), man+do (만도), man+uro (만으로)’ and ‘ppun+man+anira (뿐만 아니라), N+man+V+umyun (N만 V으면)’ etc., considering the degree of fossilization and transition of their meanings. The particle ‘man’ also has many discourse functions: (a) revising a hearer’s premised expectation or general premised expectation, (b) expressing a speaker’s negative attitudes towards given events or situations, and (c) serving as a discourse strategy to express a speaker’s politeness and to reduce the burdens of a hearer.

It is well known that smoking generates harmful air pollutants. With smoking in buildings as well as in the streets prohibited, the need for smoking rooms has emerged. In this study, particle and CO contamination in a 63.6 m3 smoking room was experimentally investigated using Korean tobacco. Tobacco smoking was artificially simulated using a smoking machine. The number and size distribution of particles ranging from 10-420 nm and 0.25-32 μm were measured using a Nanoscan (TSI model 3910) and a portable aerosol spectrometer (Grimm model 1.109), respectively. CO concentration was also monitored using an IAQ monitor (Graywolf IAQ-Xtra 610). Four tobaccos were simultaneously smoked in each experiment, and the experiment was repeated four times. Maximum CO concentrations of 7-10 ppm were observed and high concentrations of particles (176,000-1,115,000 particles/cm3 for 10-420 nm, 3,700-5,200 particles/cm3 for 0.25-32 μm) were also monitored. The dominant size of tobacco particles was about 100 nm in diameter.

Many Korean sentences use multiple particles following the head noun, a construction known as “조사 결합” (particle combination). However, there is no unified consensus among scholars regarding the concept, classification, and constraints of Korean particle combinations. This study aims to review existing concepts and terminology related to Korean particle combinations through previous research, classify subcategories of particles, and reestablish the concepts of particle combinations and compound particles. Additionally, it selects three representative reading materials commonly used in Korean linguistics and analyzes them to categorize and organize the patterns and order of Korean particle combinations by type. This research seeks to assist learners in better understanding particle combinations and reducing errors in their usage.

본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자들을 대상으로 조사 ‘이/가’와 ‘을/를’의 오류 유형과 오류를 범하는 원인을 살펴보고 교육 과정에서 주의해야할 점을 논의하였다. 오류 통계의 결과 ‘이/가’와 ‘을/를’의 단계별 오류율은 각각 ‘고급 > 중급 > 초급’, ‘초급 > 고급 > 중급’의 순으로 나 타났다. 오류 유형 비율은 모두 ‘대치 > 누락 > 첨가’의 순으로 나타났다. 각 단계에서 각 유형의 오류가 나타난 원인이 다르지만 전체적으로 보면 주로 모국어인 중국어의 간섭으로서의 언어 전이, 문법 규칙 과잉적용, 과잉 일반화의 원인으로 나타났다. 또 학습자가 심리상의 회피 전략, 학습 환경도 학습자 오류에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.