The reversible metal electrodeposition (RME) process is used to prepare electrochromic mirrors with reflectivetransparent optical states, by depositing metal particles on transparent conductive substrates. These RME based devices can be used in smart windows to regulate indoor temperatures and light levels, serving dual purposes as lighting elements. Commercialization efforts are focused on achieving large-scale production, long-term durability, and a memory effect that maintains coloration without applied voltage. Enhancing durability has received particular attention, leading to the development of electrochromic mirrors that employ gel electrolytes, which are expected to reduce electrolyte leakage and improve mechanical stability compared to traditional liquid electrolyte devices. The gel electrolytes offer the additional advantage of various colors, by controlling the metal particle size and enabling smoother, denser formations. In this study, we investigated improving the durability of RME devices by adding polyvinyl butyral (PVB) to the liquid electrolyte and optimizing the concentration of PVB. Incorporating 10 % PVB resulted in excellent interfacial properties and superior electrochromic stability, with 92.6 % retention after 1,000 cycles.

금(金, 1115~1234)이 적극적으로 시행했던 관영수공업 체제와 정책에 주목해 금대 동 경(銅鏡)의 새로운 경향과 특징을 고찰하였다. 금에서는 요, 송계로 구분할 수 있는 전통적 인 양식뿐 아니라 이를 바탕으로 폭포, 나무, 암석, 누각 등을 이용해 회화적인 화면구도로 재구성한 금계 동경들이 제작되었다. 원근법과 상하 구도를 적용한 화면 구성이 거울의 한정 된 공간 속에 적용되었고, 마치 한 폭의 그림처럼 선경의 세계를 표현하거나 관폭도와 같이 떨어지는 폭포를 바라보는 장면들이 동경에 표현되었다. 이러한 특징은 12세기 초부터 금의 수도가 세워졌던 상경성 내지(지금의 黑龍江省 阿城 부근)의 관영 공방을 중심으로 제작되 었다. 금 초기부터 관영수공업 체제에서 동경의 주원료인 구리의 원활한 수급을 위해 동경을 제작하였고 동원(銅院), 경자국(鏡子局), 주경소(鑄鏡所)와 같은 관서를 별도로 조직해 체 계적으로 동경을 제작 및 관리하는 정책을 시행하였다. 한편 중앙관청 중에도 공예품의 제작 과 장인의 운영을 담당했던 소부감과 관련이 있고, 그중에서도 금속공예품의 도안을 담당했 던 도화서 소속의 장인과도 관련이 있을 것으로 파악되었다. 금 정부는 실력 있는 외부 장인 들을 정책적으로 상경성에 집중시켰다. 여진의 토착문화와 기타 여러 민족의 외래문화가 상 경성 내지를 중심으로 흡수 및 통합되면서 금만의 새로운 동경들이 제작될 수 있었다.

The IGRINS is a near infrared high resolution spectrograph jointly developed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and the University of Texas at Austin. We present design and fabrication of the optomechanical mount for the five mirrors, i.e., an input fold mirror, a slit mirror, a dichroic, and two camera fold mirrors. Based on the structure analysis and the thermal analysis of finite element methods, the optomechanical mount scheme satisfies the mechanical and the thermal design requirements given by the optical tolerance analysis. The performance of the fabricated mirror mounts has been verified through three IGRINS commissioning runs.

LAMOST is a special reflecting Schmidt telescope. Both the refleting Schmidt plate MA and the spherical primary mitrror MB are segmened mirrors. These two cofocus but not co-phase. The diffraction of the optical system is decided by the shape overlapping of MA and MB. This paper describes the diffraction caculating results with different declination and different field angle. The diffraction influence to the image quality is acceptable in the error buget of optical system. It also proves that the size seletion of the sub-mirror is reasonable.

We have designed a 30 cm cryogenic space infrared telescope for astronomical observation. The telescope is designed to observe in the wavelength range of 0.5~2.1 μm, when it is cooled down to 77 K. The result of the preliminary design of the support structure and support method of the mirror of a 30 cm cryogenic space infrared telescope is shown in this paper. As a Cassegrain prescription, the optical system of a 30 cm cryogenic space infrared telescope has a focal ratio of f/3.1 with a 300 mm primary mirror (M-1) and 113 mm secondary mirror (M-2). The material of the whole structure including mirrors is aluminum alloy (Al6061-T6). Flexures that can withstand random vibration were designed, and it was validated through opto-mechanical analysis that both primary and secondary mirrors, which are assembled in the support structure, meet the requirement of root mean square wavefront error <λ/8 for all gravity direction. Additionally, when the M-1 and flexures are assembled by bolts, the effect of thermal stress occurring from a stainless steel bolt when cooled and bolt torque on the M-1 was analyzed.

After a visit by Peter Waddell from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK in 1991, Robert H. Koch launched a program at the University of Pennsylvania to build lightweight pneumatic membrane mirrors, initially for balloon flight observa\-tions where weight is at a premium. Mirror cells were fabricated from sizes 0.18 m to 1.77 m, and experiments conducted to characterize the mirror figure and stability. Most of the work stopped after Prof. Koch’s retirement in 1996 until 2006 when the authors expressed an interest in building an array of medium-aperture portable telescopes. The program re\-started in earnest at Gravic, Inc. in Malvern, PA in 2008 with Koch using his extensive observational astronomy experience to guide the fabrication of a fully operational 1.07 m membrane mirror telescope with an optical tube assembly weigh\-ing under 45 Kg. Residual wavefront aberrations remediation resulted in Koch and the authors investigating membrane tensioning techniques with different cell designs, active secondary wavefront correction, photometric algorithms for ab\-errated images, and the use of additional lightweight mirror substrates from the Alt-Az Initiative Group, such as foamed glass. The best result for the lightweight mirrors was a point spread function spot size of several arc seconds. A lightweight 1.6 m cast aluminum cell alt-az telescope was subsequently designed by Koch and the authors for prime focus use.