More than 80,000 prisoners in state, federal, and private prisons work for private and for-profit industries in the United States, which is a relatively small, but rapidly growing, portion of the total number of incarcerated individuals. The main purpose of this article is to use critical concepts from Foucauldian theory to explore the relationship between incarceration and labor exploitation in the U.S. prison system. To do this, this article reviews the core Foucauldian concepts and assumptions that are relevant to explaining prison labor; applies those concepts and assumptions to the prison labor issue; and discusses a possible way for conducting an empirical study. Additionally, three implications for social work, policy intervention, and the Korean society in reference to the theory are discussed. This article suggests that understanding Foucault should be a priority to tackle forced control, unequal power, and the immobility of social and economic status embedded in the most marginalized and vulnerable populations.

Candelilla wax-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized by Span 80/Tween 80 were prepared by the phase inversion composition (PIC) method. Stable nanoemulsions with droplet diameters below 50 nm could be formed when the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values were between 13.5 and 14.5, surfactant concentration was 5.0 wt%, and the surfactant-wax ratio was 1:1. Increased emulsification temperature and cooling rate were found to improve the emulsion properties. Process of PIC (adding aqueous phase to the wax phase) produced smaller droplet size nanoemulsion compared to the process of adding wax phase to the aqueous phase. The stability of these nanoemulsions was assessed by following the change in droplet diameters with time of storage at room temperature (∼25 °C). The size remained constant during 2 months storage time.

We have investigated the influence of system composition and preparation conditions on the particle size of vitamin E acetate (VE)-loaded nanoemulsions prepared by PIC(phase inversion composition) emulsification. This method relies on the formation of very fine oil droplets when water is added to oil/surfactant mixture. The oil-to-emulsion ratio content was kept constant (5 wt.%) while the surfactant-to-oil ratio (%SOR) was varied from 50 to 200 %. Oil phase composition (vitamin E to medium chain ester ratio, %VOR) had an effect on particle size, with the smallest droplets being formed below 60 % of VOR. Food-grade non-ionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80) were used as an emulsifier. The effect of f on the droplet size distribution has been studied. In our system, the droplet volume fraction, given by the oil volume fraction plus the surfactant volume fraction, was varied from 0.1 to 0.3. The droplet diameter remains less than 350 nm when O/S is fixed at 1:1. The droplet size increases gradually as the increasing the volume fraction. Particle size could also be reduced by increasing the temperature when water was added to oil/ surfactant mixture. By optimizing system composition and homogenization conditions we were able to form VE-loaded nanoemulsions with small mean droplet diameters (d < 50 nm). The PIC emulsification method therefore has great potential for forming nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for food, personal care, and pharmaceutical applications.

최근 에너지 절약형 건물에 많은 관심을 기울이고 있으며, 이를 위해 보냉, 보온의 단열재 등의 건축재료 개발이 많이 이루어지고 있다. 이와 더불어 건물 내외의 온도와 밝기는 햇볕의 밝기, 위치 및 기후변화에 따라 많은 영향을 끼치므로 자연채광에 따른 건물의 위치는 건물을 짓는데 있어서 고려해야할 중요한 변수이다. 본 논문에서는 자연채광과 비슷한 조건을 만들어 모델링하기 위해 반구형의 돔으로 된 원형 지붕에 자연채광의 역할을 하는 342개의 백열전구를 인공채광으로써 설치하였다. 특히 여기서는 각 백열전구의 밝기제어에 관한 것을 중점적으로 다루고 있으며, 다수의 PIC 마이크로프로세서와 트라이악을 이용한 위상제어로 전구의 밝기를 제어한 실험결과를 제시하고 있다.

본 연구에서는 정제수/Span 80-Nikkol BL 25/오일계의 water-in-oil (W/O) 나노에멀젼을 높은 온 도에서 PIC 유화로 제조하였다. 이 방법은 본 시스템에서 미세하게 분산된 저점도의 W/O 나노에멀젼의 형성을 가능케 하였다. 그러나 실온에서 PIC 방법으로 제조된 에멀젼은 나노에멀젼보다는 마크로에멀젼이 제조되었다. 유화온도가 30 ℃에서 80 ℃로 증가하면 온도에 따른 계면장력의 큰 변화의 결과로 입자 크기는 2 μ m에서 100 nm 정도로 감소하였다. 80 ℃에서 제조된 나노에멀젼의 입자 크기는 50 ∼ 200 nm 범위에 있었고 내상의 분율 은 15 wt%까지 가능하였다. 또한 혼합 유화제의 최적 HLB는 7.0 부근에서 가장 안정한 나노에멀젼이 형성되었 다. 제조된 나노에멀젼은 1개월 이상 실온에서 안정하였다. 본 연구 결과는 저점도의 W/O 나노에멀젼의 형성 최적화에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 이 결과는 W/O 나노에멀젼의 저점도로 인한 부드러운 사용감 등으로 화장품 제형으로 유용하게 이용될 것으로 생각된다.

We have developed a 2.5-dimensional electromagnetic particle simulation code using the particle-in-cell (PIC) method to investigate electromagnetic phenomena that occur in space plasmas. Our code is based on the leap-frog method and the centered difference method for integration and differentiation of the governing equations. We adopted the relativistic Buneman-Boris method to solve the Lorentz force equation and the Esirkepov method to calculate the current density while maintaining charge conservation. Using the developed code, we performed test simulations for electron two-stream instability and electron temperature anisotropy induced instability with the same initial parameters as used in previously reported studies. The test simulation results are almost identical with those of the previous papers.