전 세계적으로 농업해충의 약제 저항성 발달에 따른 방제 효율 저하는 농약의 과다 사용을 초래하여 농업의 생산성 저하 및 환경 파괴 문제 등을 야기하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 위생해충의 경우에도 약제 저항성 발달이 심각한 수준으로 나타남에 따라 인류 보건에 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 해충의 약제 저항성은 자연계에 존재하는 극히 낮은 빈도의 저항성 형질이 반복적인 약제 사용에 따라 선발되는 과정을 통해 발달 되는데, 해충 약제 저항성의 효과적 관리를 위해서는 저항성 발달 기작의 규명과 신속·정확한 진단법의 확립이 필수적이다. 현재까지의 저항성 관리 는 저항성 발달 후 대응적(reactive)으로 이루어져 왔으나, 미래에는 보다 다양한 분자 마커를 활용하여 저항성 형질 빈도를 관리 가능한 수준에서 유지하는 선제적(proactive) 저항성 관리도 가능할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 본 발표에서는 해충 약제 저항성 연구의 현재 상황과 미래 전망에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

Imported 313 cases of Dengue fever and 16 cases of Zika virus disease were reported in the ROK during 2016. Aedesalbopictus has been reported as a major vector mosquito for Dengue and Zika virus. Various class of pesticides havebeen used locally different pesticide class. To investigate the pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticide resistance, genomicDNA was used for Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) genotyping of the acethylcholine esterase to detect Gly119Ser mutationsand kdr gene to detect Phe1534Cys mutations. Detoxification enzyme activities were assessed using Ae. albopictus fromYeosu and Jeju. Activities of four detoxification enzymes eg., glutathione S-transferase (GST), Non specific esterases (α-naphthylacetate and β-naphthyl acetate), and cytochrome C oxidase were determined for each Ae. albopictus strain. In our studies,Ae. albopictus showed only susceptible sequences for AchE and kdr. Activity of cytochrome P-450 and non specific esterasewas higher in a field population than a laboratory strain, except for GST. This study might be helpful to understandthe insecticidal susceptibility and resistant for effective vector mosquito control program.

Insect resistance to crop protecting chemicals is developing very rapidly, which is a major problem in the production of crops. Recently, the mechanism of resistance to various pseticides s has been revealed in Helicoverpa armigera. However, to date, no technology has been developed to quickly diagnose resistance yet. In this study, we present the results of developing method of rapid diagnosis of resistance

A series of conserved point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) confer resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in most arthropod pests. However, the mutations associated with reduced sensitivity to insecticides usually results in the reduction of catalytic efficiency and leads to a fitness disadvantage. To compensate for the reduced catalytic activity, overexpression of neuronal AChE appears to be necessary, which is achieved by a relatively recent duplication of the AChE gene (ace) as observed in the two-spotted spider mite and other insects. Unlike the cases with overexpression of neuronal AChE, the extensive generation of soluble AChE is observed in some insects either from a distinct non-neuronal ace locus or from a single ace locus via alternative splicing. The production of soluble AChE in the fruit fly is induced by chemical stress. Soluble AChE acts as a potential bioscavenger and provides tolerance to xenobiotics, suggesting its role in chemical adaptation during evolution.

Tetranychus urticae was collected from greenhouse roses to monitor the development of acaricide resistance. Dose-mortality lines were estimated on 16 regional populations with 13 acaricides. For each acaricide, LC50s of the populations were plotted to check normality. LC50s of eight acaricides showed normal distribution and five others did not. An index of Ln (recommended dose/LC50 for each acaricide) checked the development of resistance to populations. The index is based upon recommended dose to control a pest stage and empirical LC50 got from serial dilution range for each pesticide. We tried to categorize acaricides by index due levels of effectiveness to mites: tebufenpyrad, fenpyroximate, bifenthrin, and fenbutatin oxide as non-effective acaricides with less than index 1.0, chlorpyrifor+bifenthrin and milbemectin as alert level placed between 1.0 and 2.0, acequincyl as caution between 2.0 and 3.0, and abamectin, cyflumetofen, bifenazate, chlorfenapyr+fulacrypyrim and propargite as effective over 3.0. We also tested the similarity of acaricide actions for choosing effective acaricides against resistant mites and of populations for resistance management. We could make several acaricides groups: group1 including abamectin, cyflumetofen, and bifenazate group 2 propargite and chlorpyrifos+bifenthrin group 3 chlorfenapyr and acequinocy and group 4 mibemectin, fenyroximate, and bifenthrin, by which we can suggest not to use acaricide within the same group to avoid the resistance development. Populations grouping would imply similar practices of acaricide use, so we can manage pesticide usage, effectively. Group A includes Gimhae 2, 3, 4, 5, Jincheon2, and Taean, and Group B includes Goyang, Gangjin1, Paju, Gangin2 and Namwon.

Resistance evolution to organophosphate-based pesticides in apple and pear inhabiting arthropods of western North America extends to many classes of pest and some beneficial species. Resistance management programs to minimize resistance in pests while exploiting it in natural enemies have met with mixed success. Among beneficials, resistances have been exploited mostly among predators of pest mites. Evolution of resistant mites, leafminers, leafhopper, aphids, leafrollers and some internal fruit feeders have led to development of new monitoring methods and means to delay or avoid resistance. But it is resistance to azinphosmethyl in codling moth (Cydia pomonella) that is changing the pest control system and moving it from chemical to biologically-based means. Newly merging IPM system will depend more on use of biological, cultural, behavior and genetic controls. But more selective pesticides also will be needed to augment pheromones, resistant host plants and genetically altered organisms. These more biologically-based tactics will be prone to resistance evolution in pests as well, if used too unilaterally and/or too extensively.