국내 벼 유전자원의 다양성 확보와 유럽 벼를 국내 육종소재 로 활용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 유럽의 벼 품종등록 현황을 알아보고 국내에서 재배하면서 주요 농업특성을 조사한 바, 1. EU에 등록 중인 벼는 378 품종으로 이태리와 스페인이 전체 등록품종의 약 88%를 차지하였다. EU는 연 평균 약 20 품종 이상의 신품종이 지속적으로 등록되고 있었으며 주된 등 록 회사는 Lugano Leonardo, Ente Nazionale Risi 등이었다. 2. 최근 재배면적이 확대되고 있는 Imidazolinone 계열의 제 초제저항성 벼 Clearfield® 등록현황을 보면 2009년 이후 모두 34품종이 등록되었으며 연평균 등록 품종수는 3.8 품종이었다. 3. ‘Mare’ 등 유럽 벼 49품종을 국내에서 재배하면서 간장, 출수기 등 주요 농업형질을 조사한 바, 간장은 평균 87.8 cm, 수장은 19.1 cm로 국내 품종보다 다소 크거나 비슷하였다. 주 당수수는 7.4개로 국내 품종보다 적었으며 출수기는 평균 7월 30일로 국내 조생종보다 빠르거나 비슷하였다. 4. 간장은 이태리 품종인 ‘Ronaldo’가 59.4 cm로 가장 짧았 으며 수장은 “Loto”가 28.6 cm로 가장 길었다. 천립중은 평균 27.6 g으로 국내 품종보다 약 5 g 정도 많은 중대립이었고 ‘Kipinar’가 38.2 g으로 가장 높았다. 미립의 아밀로스 함량은 19.1~16.1%의 범위를 보였으며 현미 중 단백질 함량은 평균 8.6%로 국내 품종과 비슷하였다. 5. 이상에서 보면 EU는 재배면적에 비하여 벼 관련 연구와 품종개발이 매우 활발하게 이루지고 있으며 육성 품종의 주요 작물학적 특성도 국내 품종과 비슷하여 국내 육종에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 백합 구근의 대부분을 수입에 의존하고 있어 국내 품종을 개발하여 보급할 필요가 있다. 분화용 나팔나리 유전자원 ‘Ace’, ‘Nelli White’, ‘Mount Carmel’을 수집하여 1996년부터 2008년까지 자가수정을 실시하였다. 2014년에 자가수정 7세대 ‘ L2-127-1’과 ‘ L2-81-5’계통을 교잡하여 1대잡종 나팔나리 ‘White Eve’를 개발하였다. 분화용 나팔나리 일대잡종 ‘White Eve’는 백색의 나팔모양의 홑꽃으로 반점이 없으며, 식물체 당 개화수가 5.8개로 많은 편이며, 꽃의 직경이 13.1cm로 중간 정도이고 측향으로 개화한다. 초장은 40.9cm이고, 잎의 수는 32.8개이고, 잎의 길이는 13.5cm이며, 잎의 폭은 2.1 cm이다. 일대 잡종 ‘White Eve’는 대조품종인 ‘Mount Carmel’ 보다 화경이 크고 화수가 많아서 개화 기간이 길며 소비자 선호도가 높다.

농촌진흥청 원예특작과학원에서는 2013년에 백색계 중 형종 심비디움 ‘Sweet Wedding’ 신품종을 개발하였다. 이 품종은 심비디움 ‘Cotton Club’과 심비디움 ‘Grace Kelly’를 2000년도에 교배하고 그 후대들로부터 얻었다. 온 실에서 식재 및 순화 과정을 거쳐 130개체의 실생묘를 얻었다. 2007년도에 화색, 엽형, 생장성과 같은 특성검정을 거쳐 한 개의 개체를 선발하였고 ‘원교 F1-45’로 명명하 였다. 개체번호 ‘00-0722-127’는 균일성을 가지고, 우수한 원예적 형질을 지니고 있었다. 2차 특성검정을 거친 후에 ‘Sweet Wedding’으로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 품종 은 백색계(RHS, WN155D)이며, 1개 꽃대에 11.4개의 소 화가 착생하며 화폭이 큰 편이다. 일반적인 꽃받침과 꽃 잎의 모양은 약간 안쪽으로 오므라드는 형태이다. 꽃대 는 반직립성이다. 재배여건이 양호할 경우 개화시기는 12 월 중순경부터이다.

Unreduced (2n) gametes are meiotic products (pollen or egg) having a sporophytic (somatic) chromosome number, resulting from abnormalities during either microsporogenesis or megasporogenesis. They occur naturally at a low frequency in many plant species.

The goals of this research project are to identify the genes controlling plant architecture through the establishment of foundation for molecular breeding and to develop new rice varieties with useful characters associated with high yield leading to its commercialization. The research subjects of this project are as follows: improvement of plant architecture including tiller angle and number associated to harvest-index, construction of genetic and QTL map related to plant architecture and isolation of target genes, development of molecular markers with high efficiency, and further study for the mechanisms of recombination event and reproductive barrier occurring from cross between subspecies, development of new elite rice varieties with high yield and its commercialization. The isolated genes and products of this research project will be patented and molecular markers for those genes will be applied to breeding procedure. The breeding materials produced as outcomes will be provided to other breeders for further breeding programs. The developed varieties will be patented and registered to the national list of varieties, and will be distributed to our agricultural industries for the increase of its competitiveness and farmer’s income. The patents for genes, molecular markers, and varieties will be licensed out to uphold the agricultural biotechnology industries.

Plant breeding is based on understanding genetics and mechanical systems to improve crop production. During the last century, conventional plant breeding, mostly based in the evaluation at the phenotypic level, had been successful in increasing crop yields. Within the last two decades there has been significant crop improvement due to the application of molecular genetics and genomics to improve efficiency and accuracy in plant breeding. One of the key global challenges of the 21st century is the production of enough food for an ever increasing world population. Agricultural productivity needs to be increased while addressing the issues of scarcity of arable land and water, impact of changing climate and preservation of natural resources. Improvement of crop yields on limited agricultural resources requires concerted efforts using scientific and technological advances in multiple disciplines. Multidisciplinary approaches are being conducted to enhance crop improvement and meet resource needs. This session will address new plant breeding paradigms through the integration of multiple perspectives. The paradigm shift has occurred through the integration of five key components for crop improvement: 1) continued improvement of genomic tools, 2) information technology including open source data, 3) advanced analytical methods such as mathematical modeling and simulation, 4) adaption of non-crop information, and 5) increased importance of breeding operation enhancement.

본 연구과제의 목적은 1) 양질 다수성 콩 기술 이전, 2) 양질 다수성 콩 품종 출원, 3) 고밀도 유전자지도 작성을 통한 다수성관련 QTL 동정 및 다수성 형질 연관 마커 개발, 4) 콩 품종 판별 마커 개발, 5) 기능성 콩 가공식품 개발이다. 이를 위해 당해연도는 양질 다수성 콩 품종 육성을 위한 생산력 검정 및 지역적응성 검정을 실시하고 초다수성 우량 계통 육성을 위해 1단계 사업에서 선발된 우량 계통들을 지속적으로 세대진전하고자 한다. 특히 다수성관련 형질연관 QTL 동정을 위해 길육69 x SS0404-T5-76 RIL 집단(400계통)을 육성하였고 이 집단을 이용한 고밀도 유전자지도 작성하고자 한다. 먼저 모부본 염기서열 변이 탐색 및 RIL들의 다수성 형질 표현형을 조사할 것이다. 한편, 품종보호 및 종자순도 관리에 있어서 중요한 분자 마커 개발을 위해 주요품종들에 대한 SSR 마커 분석을 실시하였다. 당해연도에는 1단계 사업에서 개발된 ‘CJ행복한1호’ 콩 품종 육성을 위한 채종포를 제주도와 괴산 등지에 조성하며 두부 장류용 우량 계통 SS408-T5-99 에 대한 제품 생산 가능성 분석하고 장류발효과정 중 아이소플라본의 성분 변화를 분석할 것이다.

기존의 유전자변형식물은 외래의 도입유전자를 갖고 있으며 이들로부터 기인한 단백질 또는 합성물질에 의한 의도적/비의도적 영향에 대한 안전성 논란이 사회적 이슈가 되어 왔다. 최근의 기술적 진보에 의하여 이른바 식물육종의 신기술이 발달하게 되었고 이들 기술로 만든 신규식물에 대한 안전성평가에 GMO 관련 규제의 적용 여부 문제가 대두되게 되었다. 이들 NPBTs 기술로 만든 신규식물의 특징은 SDN이나 ODM과 같이 염색체상의 정확한 위치에 짧은 염기서열의 indel(s)이나 단일염기 돌연변이를 도입하여 자연적인 돌연변이와의 구별이 거의 불가능하거나, cisgenesis와 같이 성적교잡이 가능한 종 유래의 유전자를 구조변형 없이 도입하여 근연종과 동질적인 식물을 만들거나, heterozygous 형질전환체 후대세대의 null-segregant 선발이나 epigenetic를 이용하여 도입유전자가 존재하지 않지만 목적 형질을 갖는 식물체를 만드는 장점이 있다. 또한 grafting이나 Agro-infiltration 등의 방법으로 안전성평가를 회피하거나 경감할 수 있는 가능성을 높이게 되었다. OECD를 비롯한 주요 GMO 개발국의 관련 학회에서는 SDN, ODM 및 cisgenesis 또는 intragenesis 기술로 만든 식물에 대하여 non-GM 식물과 동일한 위해성평가 규정을 적용하거나 상황에 따라 완화된 규정을 적용할 수 있다고 판단하고 있다. 현 시점에서 이들 NPBTs 기술을 이용하여 개발된 식물이 상업화된 예는 없으나 많은 국가에서 상업화를 목적으로 개발 중이며 일부에서는 안전성평가를 완료한 단계이다. 이러한 현실에서 NPBTs 기술의 개념 정립, 신규식물의 안전성평가의 방향 설정 및 현실성 있는 작물개발 방안을 마련하여야 한다. 이를 통하여 GMO에 대한 안전성 논란과 사회적 거부감을 우회하는 동시에 답보 상태에 있 는 분자육종 분야의 발전을 도모할 계기를 마련하여야 한다.

For a long time, public awareness of plant breeding activities was low. Since the late 1970s, the situation has changed when activists started a campaign against large multinationals because they began to buy seed companies all over the world. They were concerned about their power to control the world seed market and distribute seeds only to the rich. A few years later, with the advent of the gene technology age and the first genetically modified plants reaching the market scale a new debate came up fueled by the green movement. Since that time, any activities with genetically modified plants are strictly regulated in all industrial countries. In Europe, a number of directives have been implemented by the European Commission which have been transferred into national legislation by the member countries. Market approval for GMO varieties needs a qualified majority by the board of minsters but unfortunately there has been no agreement since more than 15 years. This was one reason why all industry activities in this field (and most academic as well) came to an end or were relocated outside the EU. Today, only a very small area (<100,000 ha) is planted with GMO seeds in Europe while acreages have been up to >150 million ha worldwide. In Europe, plant variety release and market approval is regulated by a Community Plant Variety Protection directive which gives a breeder the exclusive right to market its variety all over Europe. To get an approval, a new variety must fulfill a number of requirements. It must be novel, distinguishable and consistent and it must have an added value to the farmer/grower. Plant Breeding in worldwide and in Europe is dominated by some multinationals, however in Germany a number of small and medium sized companies are still very successful in the seed market. Those companies have a focus on a small range of crops and their activities are mostly limited to Europe with Eastern Europe gaining more importance in the past years. Interestingly, their R&D rate is among the highest of all industry (~16%) which demonstrates a great interest to adopt new technologies. The EC has supported plant breeding research by its framework programs where researchers from academia and industry work together in a multinational project. Moreover, the German government has been increasing the budget for research and technology over the past 8 years. Breeding research has been supported by numerous initiatives such as GABI, the German nation al plant genome project launched in 1998. Recently, a large project to improve yield and yield stability of wheat has been started by the ministry of agriculture. The German research foundation (DFG) supports basic and applied breeding research in different ways. Every scientist working in Germany can submit a proposal to the DFG at any time. Coordinated projects such as priority programs (PP) enable the collaboration of a limited number of research groups. We have initiated a PP on flowering time research 3 years ago. Twenty groups work on different aspects of flowering time regulation in model and crop plant species (http://www.flowercrop.uni-kiel.de/en). At the end of my talk, I will present a selection of recent results from our PP with a direct impact on plant breeding.

Plant breeding is a multidisciplinary science of changing the genetic makeup of plants in order to generate desired traits or characteristics, and thus it can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable traits for propagation to more complex molecular techniques. Both conventional and genetically modified (GM) plant breeding alter or modify the genes of a plant so that a better variety is developed. Breeding using GM tools is achieved for the same reasons as conventional breeding. One prominent distinction is that instead of randomly mixing genes in conventional breeding, which occurs as a result of a sexual cross, a specific gene is directly transferred or selectively inactivated in the new plant variety through GM plant breeding. Site-specific mutagenesis and selection of gene knockout mutants are readily carried out in model plant species, such as Arabidopsis. However, targeted mutation of a specific gene is technically impractical, if not impossible, in most cases. As an alternative approach, RNA interference (RNAi), which is mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), is routinely employed for targeted silencing of genes in academic and biotechnological studies. Recently, engineered nuclease-based genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), have been developed to induce site-specific genome modifications in both animals and plants. ZFNs are chimeric DNA restriction enzymes that consist of the nuclease domain of the Fok1 restriction enzyme, which triggers double strand breaks in genomic DNAs, and a custom-designed ZF DNA-binding domain, which guides the ZFNs to specific sequences within genomic DNAs. The double-strand breaks are rejoined by cellular DNA repair machinery, resulting in targeted mutagenesis or targeted gene replacement. In this work, we employed the ZFN tool to specifically inactivate two flowering genes, such as FCA and GI that also mediate high temperature responses and clock output signaling, respectively, in a bioenergy grass crop, Brachypodium distachyon. We designed extensive sets of ZF recognition sequences that recognize target sequences within the FCA and GI genes. The potential ZFN cassettes were transformed into Brachypodium ecotype Bd21-3. The transformants will be screened to identify those carrying targeted gene mutations. We will also discuss the extension of the ZFN tool to other plant species, including crops.

Congratulations to the Korean Society of Breeding Science on the occasion of the 40th anniversary. Such scientific societies serve an important role in disseminating scientific information, encouraging world class research, and integrating related disciplines. Plant breeding is a solution-driven science to meet ever-increasing needs with the ultimate application in mind throughout the process. Plant breeding will continue to involve both the lab and field even as more molecular technologies are applied to the improvement of plants and animals. Today and into the future, genetics and genomics will play major roles. This keynote talk first presents plant breeding in the context of the need to meet future food supplies, then reviews some of the emerging and important technologies, documents some of the traits improved through the new technologies, and finally adds some philosophical points with special emphasis on the younger scientist.

The production and productivity of major crop plants have reached their plateu during the past decade because of adop-tion of green revolution technologies. However, further increase in production of cereals with improved cereal quality is imperativeto fe