Electroantennogram techniques (EAGs) were employed to record olfactory responses in the antennae of the adult female stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), to Zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate (ZP-SD), Z. armatum seed oil (ZA-SO) and their 29 volatile constituents alone as well as binary mixture of the ZP-SD and ZA-SO with 1-octen-3-ol. The electrophysiological responses of the test materials were compared with those of DEET and 1-octen-3-ol. At concentration of 10-1 (v/v) in mineral oil, ZP-SD, ZA-SO, and all volatiles elicited EAG responses in the fly antennae except for DEET, which is extremely low volatile. ZP-SD, ZA-SO, and some of the test volatiles elicited EAG responses rather lower than 1-octen-3-ol, which showed vapor phase repellency and toxicity to the fly in our previous behavioral research. This suggests that the stable fly possesses olfactory receptor neurons responding to given repellent compounds per se. In binary mixture with 1-octen-3-ol at concentration of 10-1, ZP-SD and ZA-SO elicited 16±0.55 and 18±0.63 mV while ZP-SD, ZA-SO, and 1-octen-3-ol alone elicited responses of 14±0.45, 15.8±0.37 and 16.2±0.58 mV, respectively. Among the volatile compounds, terpinen- 4-ol, β-myrcene, α-phellanderene, citronellal, and limonene oxide elicited 80 – 96% relative EAG amplitude compared to 1-octen-3-ol as a reference (100%). Based on structure-activity relationships, constituents having aldehyde moiety elicited bigger EAG responses than those of alcohol or ether one. The perception in the fly antenna to plant volatile compounds exhibited complicated patterns of olfactory responses. Current and future directions of this study on sensory processing mechanisms underlying repellent behaviors will be discussed.

The vapor phase repellency and toxicity of Zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate (ZP-SD), Z. armatum seed oil (ZA-SO), and their 29 constituents to the adult female stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined using filter paper fumigation bioassay. Results were compared with those of the currently used repellent: DEET. Both of ZP-SD and ZA-SO exhibited vapor phase repellency and toxicity to female flies at 5 to 40 mg/filter paper (0.23 to 1.82 mg/cm3 air) during a 120-min exposure, whereas DEET exhibited neither repellency nor toxicity to the stable fly. At 5 mg/filter paper, vapor phase of ZP-SD and ZA-SO repelled 50 to 67% and 61 to 51% flies, respectively, to control area during 30 to 120 min. At 40 mg/filter paper, vapor phase of ZP-SD and ZA-SO caused 100% and 81% mortality, respectively, after 120 min of exposure. Among the tested volatile constituents, cuminaldehyde was the strongest repellent and toxic compound to the fly and was four times more toxic than ZP-SD and ZA-SO. Cuminaldehyde vapor phase repelled 62% flies to control area after 30 min at 2.5 mg/filter paper and caused 100% mortality after 120 min at 10 mg/filter paper. Based on the structure-activity relationships, the toxicity and repellency of constituents having aldehyde moiety were better than those of alcohol or ether one. Overall, ZP-SD, ZA-SO, and their bioactive constituents could be useful as potential vapor repellents to control stable fly population.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., is an important pest of livestock. Stable flies are considered as mechanical vectors of veterinary disease. Pyrethroids and organophosphates have been widely used for stable fly control. To establish resistance monitoring molecular tool, we isolated the partial cDNA and genomic fragments of voltage-sensitive sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase genes encompassing the well known conserved sites for resistance-associated mutations. To examine the current status of stable fly resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates mediated by the nerve insensitivity mechanism in Korean population of S. calcitrans, DNA-based genotyping in conjunction with residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay were conducted with 11 representative regional field populations. No resistance-associated mutations were detected in these S. calcitrans populations, suggesting that these populations are likely still susceptible to both pyrethroids and organophosphates. Establishment of RCV bioassay protocol and availalbility of target site sequence information will greatly facilitate resistance monitoring of S. calcitrans in the field.

The repellency to female Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) of 21 essential oils alone or in combination with Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil (tamanu oil) was examined using a skin bioassay. Results were compared with those following treatment with the commonly used repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide). As judged by the protection time (PT) to first bite at 0.5 mg cm-2, patchouli (3.67 h) was the most effective essential oil, followed by clove bud, lovage root, clove leaf and thyme white essential oils (3.50-2.12 h). Thyme red, oregano and geranium essential oils exhibited moderate protection time (PT, 1.24-1.11 h). At 0.25 mg cm-2, effective protection time of clove bud, clove leaf and lovage root essential oils was about 1 h. The protection times of DEET were 4.47 and 2.17h at 0.5 and 0.25 mg cm-2 respectively. The remarkable increase in the protection time were produced by binary mixtures of five essential oils (clove bud, clove leaf, thyme white, patchouli and savory) and tamanu oil (0.25:2.0 mg cm-2) compared with those of either the constituted essential oil, tamanu oil or DEET alone, indicating the involvement in synergy. These essential oils, tamanu oil and binary mixtures did not cause any adverse effects on the human volunteers at 0.5 mg cm-2 except savory oil. Thus binary mixtures of essential oils and tamanu oil described merit further study as potential insect repellents for protection from humans and domestic animals from biting and nuisance caused by S. calcitrans.

The repellent constituents of essential oils from Zanthoxylum armatum (Rutaceae) seed and Zanthoxylum piperitum fruit against female Stomoxys calcitrans were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The repellency of two Zanthoxylum essential oils and 11 oil compounds against female S. calcitrans was examined using a skin bioassay. Results were compared with those of the most widely used repellent DEET. Both Z. armatum seed and Z. piperitum fruit oils provided complete and good protection from fly bites for 30 min at 0.4 and 0.2 mg/cm2, respectively. At 0.05 mg/cm2, both oils gave ca 70 and 40% repellency at 30 and 60 min post-treatment, respectively, whereas DEET provided 83 and 73% protection. Of test compounds, cuminaldehyde at 0.05 mg/cm2 gave 92 and 69% repellency at 10 and 30 min post-treatment, respectively, whereas 1,8-cineole, and citronellal provided approx. 76% repellency at 10 min. The Zanthoxylum oils and their constituents, particularly cuminaldehyde, merit further study as potential insect repellents for the protection from humans and domestic animals from biting and nuisance caused by S. calcitrans.

웅성불임기술을 이용한 침파리구제시 방산밀도는 야외밀도의 10배는 되어야 하기 때문에 일시적이기는 하지만 필요없이 방산되어 피해를 주는 자성충의 수를 줄이기 위해서는 용시기에 효과적인 성식별방법의 확립이 필요하다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 침파리의 용무게 및 크기를 조사하여 성식별을 실시하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 용체중과 제장은 웅충보다 자충이 무겁고 길었으며 용의 체장과 폭간에는 높은 상관이 있었다. 2. 용의 체장과 성충의 흉폭간에도 유의성이 있었다. 3. 자웅용의 체장과 체중의 평균치는 중립수를 이용하여 성식별를 한다면 체장의 경우는 1.4배, 체중에서는 2.2배의 웅성을 취득할 수 있겠다.

1. 침파리의 동계사육 결과 평균온도 에서 유충기간 7일, 용기간 9.2일, 전산란기간 14.2일, 성충수명 23.3일이었다. 2. 5월부터 7월까지 사육온도 로 고정시켰을 때의 생육기간은 유충기간 8.0일, 용기간 5.3일, 전산란기간 11.7일, 성충수명 30.1일 이었다. 3. 용 개체중량은 5월-7월의 에서 13.3mg으로서 현저한 증가를 볼 수 있었다. 4. 전산란 기간중의 성충사망율은 습도 조절(R. H.)에 따라서 큰 차이를 보여주었으며 누대사육을위해서는 의 R.H.를 유지할 필요가 있을 것으로 본다. 5. 성충의 산란율은 산란 시작후 제8-10일에 제일 높다.